A Complete Resource Book in Chemistry for JEE Main 2019

Cover
Cover 1
Copyright
Contents
Preface
Acknowledgements
JEE Mains 2017 Papers
	Answer keys
	Hints and Solutions
Chapter 1 Basics of Chemistry
	BASIC CONCEPTS
		MATTER
			Pure Substance
			Dalton’s Atomic Theory
			Molecule
			Berzelius Hypothesis
		PHYSICAL QUANTITIES AND THEIRMEASUREMENTS
			Precision and Accuracy
			Significant Figures
		LAWS OF CHEMICAL COMBINATIONS
			Law of Conservation of Mass
			Law of Constant Composition or Law ofDefinite Proportion
			Law of Multiple Proportion
			Law of Reciprocal Proportion
			Law of Combining Volume
		AVOGADRO’S LAW
		MOLE
		MASS
			Atomic Mass
			Molecular Mass
		EQUIVALENT WEIGHT
			Methods to Find Equivalent Weight
		MOLE FRACTION
		CHEMICAL EQUATION ANDSTOICHIOMETRY OF CHEMICALREACTIONS
			Mole Concept
			Questions Based on Concentration
			Calculations Based on Reactions
		EXERCISES
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			More than One Option Correct Type
			Passage Based Questions
			Match the Column Type
			Integer Type
			Previous Years' Questions
		ANSWER KEYS
		HINTS AND SOLUTIONS
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			Passage Based Questions
			Integer Type
			Previous Years' Questions
Chapter 2 Solid State
	SOLID STATE
		GENERAL PROPERTIES
		TYPES OF SOLIDS
			Crystalline Solids
			Amorphous Solids
		BRAGG’S EQUATION
			Applications
		UNIT CELL
			Types of Unit Cell
			Types of Symmetry in Crystals
			Crystal Systems
		MATHEMATICAL ANALYSIS OF CUBIC SYSTEM
			Atomic Radius(r)
			Number of Atoms Per Unit Cellor Unit Cell Content (Z)
			Coordination Number (C. No.)
			Density of Lattice Matter (d)
			Packing Fraction
			Interstitial Voids
			Radius Ratio
		PACKING OF CONSTITUENTSIN CRYSTALS
			Close Packing in Two Dimensions
			Packing in Three Dimensions
			Structure of Some Ionic Solids
		IMPERFECTIONS IN SOLIDS
			Electronic Imperfection
			Atomic Imperfection
		MAGNETIC PROPERTIES OF SOLIDS
			Diamagnetic Substances
		ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES OF SOLIDS
	LIQUID STATE
		GENERAL PROPERTIES
			Vapour Pressure
			Difference Between Evaporationand Boiling Processes
			Surface Tension
			Surface Energy
			Viscosity
			Fluidity
	SOLVED EXAMPLES
		Radius, Packing Fraction, Densityand Bragg’s Equation
	EXERCISES
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		Passage Based Questions
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		Previous Years' Questions
	ANSWER KEYS
	HINTS AND SOLUTIONS
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		Previous Years' Questions
Chapter 3 Gaseous State
	GASEOUS STATE
		GENERAL PROPERTIES
		GAS LAWS
			Boyle’s Law
			Charles Law
			Pressure Temperature Law(Gay-Lussac’s Law)
			Avogadro’s Law
			Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressure
			Graham’s Law of Diffusion
		KINETIC THEORY OF GASES
			Main Features
			Kinetic Gas Equation
			Molecular Speed Graph or Maxwell’sDistribution of Velocities
			Different Velocity Terms
		IDEAL AND REAL GASES
			Ideal Gases
			Real Gases
		VAN DER WAALS EQUATION
			Volume correction
			Pressure correction
			Boyle’s temperature
			Inversion temperature (Ti)
		CRITICAL PHENOMENON ANDLIQUEFACTION OF GASES
			Critical volume (Vc)
			Critical pressure (Pc)
			Liquefaction of gases
	SOLVED EXAMPLES
		Gas Laws
		Kinetic theory of gases and variousvelocities
		Van der Waals equation
	EXERCISES
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		Passage Based Questions
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		Previous Years' Questions
	ANSWER KEYS
	HINTS AND SOLUTIONS
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Chapter 4 Atomic Structure
	ATOM AND ITS CONSTITUENTS
		ATOM AND ATOMIC THEORY
			Sub Atomic Particles
			Atomic Number (Z)
			Isotopes
			Isobars
			Isotones
			Isoelectronics
			Isoesters
			Isomorphs
			Isodiaphers
		THOMSON ATOMIC MODEL
		RUTHERFORD ATOMIC MODEL
			Strengths
			Limitations
		ELECTRONIC STRUCTURE OF ATOMS
			Wave theory
			Corpuscular Theory of Light
			Quantum Theory
			Photoelectric Effect
		SPECTRUM
			Emission Spectrum
			Continuous Spectrum
			Absorption Spectrum
			Discontinuous or Line Spectrum
		BOHR’S ATOMIC MODEL
			Few Important Terms
			Merits of Bohr’s Atomic Model
			To Find Total Number of Spectral Lines
			Calculation of Energy, Wave Length
			Shortcomings of Bohr’s Theory
		DE BROGLIE EQUATION AND DUALNATURE THEORY
		HEISENBERG’S UNCERTAINTYPRINCIPLE
		SCHRODINGER WAVE EQUATION
			Significance of ψ and ψ2
			Orbital
			Degenerate Orbital
			Radial Probability Distribution Function
			Calculation of Nodes
		QUANTUM NUMBERS
			Principle Quantum Number
			Azimuthal or Secondary or AngularMomentum Quantum Number
			Magnetic Quantum Number
			Spin Quantum Number
		AUFBAU PRINCIPLE
			(n + l) Rule
			Electronic Configuration
			Some Exceptional Configurations
			Some Other Exceptional Configurations
		PAULI’S EXCLUSION PRINCIPLE
			Applications of Pauli Exclusion Principle
			Violation of Pauli’s Law
		HUND’S RULE OF MAXIMUM MULTIPLICITY
			Applications of Hund’s Rule
		SOLVED EXAMPLES
			Wave Nature, Wavelength
			Spectral Series and Rydberg Formula
			De Broglie Relation and Uncertainty Principle
			Miscellaneous
		EXERCISES
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		ANSWER KEYS
		HINTS AND SOLUTIONS
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			Previous Years’ Questions
Chapter 5 Solutions
	SOLUTIONS AND COLLIGATIVE PROPERTIES
		SOLUTION
			Solutions of Solids in Liquids
			Solubility of Gases
			Expression of Concentration of Solution
		VAPOUR PRESSURE
			Vapour Pressure of a Liquid
			Vapour Pressure of a Solution
		RAOULT’S LAW
			Raoult’s Law for Volatile Solutes
			Raoult’s Law for Non-volatile Solutes
			Ideal Solutions
			Non-Ideal Solutions
			Types of non-ideal solutions
			Azeotropic Mixture
			Solubility of Partially Miscible Liquids
		COLLIGATIVE PROPERTIES
			Relative Lowering of Vapour Pressure
			Osmotic Pressure
			Elevation in Boiling Point
			Depression in Freezing Point
			Van’t Hoff Factor
		SOLVED EXAMPLES
			Concentration Terms
			Raoult’s Law
			Elevation in Boiling Point and Depressionin Freezing Point
			Osmotic Pressure
			Van’t Hoff Factor
		EXERCISES
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Chapter 6 Energetics
	HEAT AND ENERGY CHANGES
		THERMODYNAMICS
			Main Objectives
			Limitations
			Terms Related to Thermodynamics
			Properties of a System or State Variables
		THERMODYNAMIC PROCESS
			Types of Processes
			Reversible or Quasi-static Process
			Irreversible Process
		THERMODYNAMIC EQUILIBRIUM
		HEAT
		WORK
		INTERNAL ENERGY
		FIRST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS OR LAWOF CONSERVATION OF ENERGY
			Enthalpy Change
			Jououle–Thomson Effect
		SECOND LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS
			Carnot Cycle
		ENTROPY
			Facts about Entropy
			Spontaneous Process
			Entropy Changes in different Processes
		ZEROTH LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS
		THIRD LAW OF THERMODYANMICS
		GIBBS FREE ENERGY (G)
			Heat Capacity
		THERMOCHEMISTRY
			Exothermic Reaction
			Endothermic Reaction
		HEAT OR ENTHALPY OF REACTION
			Heat of Combustion
			Calorimetry
			Heat of Formation
			Heat of Neutralization
			Bond Energy
			Heat of Atomization
			Enthalpy of Dissociation or Ionization
			Phase Transition and Transition Energy
			Heat of Hydration
			Heat of Dilution
			Heat of Solution
			Heat of Fusion
			Heat of Vaporization
			Heat of Sublimation
		SOURCES OF ENERGY
			Fossil fuels
			The Sun as the Primary Source of Energy
		CONSERVATION OF ENERGY
		SOLVED EXAMPLES
			Work, Energy
			Entropy
			Various Enthalpies
		EXERCISES
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		HINTS AND SOLUTIONS
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Chapter 7 Chemical Equilibrium
	CHEMICAL PROCESSES AND REVERSE REACTIONS
		TYPES OF REACTIONS
			Irreversible Reactions
			Reversible Reactions
		EQUILIBRIUM
			Physical Equilibrium
			Chemical Equilibrium
			Law of Mass Action
			Equilibrium Constant
			Degree of Dissociation (α)
			Le Chatelier’s Principle
			Reaction or Concentration Quotient (Q)
		SOLVED EXAMPLES
			Kp and Kc
			Degree of Dissociation
			Standard Free Energy Change
		EXERCISES
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Chapter 8 Ionic Equilibrium
	IONIC EQUILIBRIUM
		TYPES OF SUBSTANCES
			Non-electrolytes
			Electrolytes
		ARRHENIUS THEORY
		OSTWALD DILUTION LAW
		IONIC PRODUCT OF WATER
		BUFFER SOLUTION
			Features
			Buffer Capacity
			Types of Buffer Solutions
		SOLUBILITY AND SOLUBILITY PRODUCT
			Solubility
			Relation Between Solubility (s) andSolubility Product (Ksp)
			Solubility Product and Precipitation
		SALT HYDROLYSIS
			Various Expressions for Kh,h and pH forDifferent Type of Salts
		ACID AND BASES
			Arrhenius Concept of Acid and Base
			Bronsted Lowery Concept or ProtonConcept
			Amphoteric or Ampholyte Substances
			Lewis Concept of Acid and Base
			Factors Affecting Acidic Strength
			Nature of Oxides
			Hard and Soft Acids and Bases(HSAB Principle)
		SOLVED EXAMPLES
			Buffer Solutions
			Solubility Product
			Salt Hydrolysis
		EXERCISES
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		HINTS AND SOLUTIONS
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Chaptre 9 Redox Reactions and Electrochemistry
	REDOX REACTIONS
		BASIC CONCEPTS
			Oxidation
			Reduction
			Redox Reaction
			Oxidizing Agents or Oxidants
			Reducing Agents or Reductants
			Oxidation Number
		BALANCING OF REDOX REACTIONS
			By Ion-Electron Method
			By Oxidation Number Change Method
	ELECTROCHEMIESTRY
		ELECTROLYSIS
			Electrolysis of Aqueous NaCl Solution
			Electrolysis with Active Electrodes
		FARADAY’S LAWS
			First Law of Electrolysis
			Second Law of Electrolysis
			Application of Faraday’s Laws
		TERMS AND CONCEPTS RELATED TOELECTROCHEMISTRY
			Current Efficiency
			Electrical Conductance
		ELECTROCHEMICAL CELL
			The Daniell Cell
			Electrodes or Half Cells
			Types of Electrodes or Half Cells
			Electrode Potential or Single ElectrodePotential
			Electromotive Force or emf of the Cell orCell Voltage
			Nernst Equation
		ELECTROCHEMICAL SERIES
			Features of Electrochemical Series
		CONCENTRATION CELLS
		SOME COMMERCIAL CELLS
			Primary Cells
			Secondary Cells
		RUSTING OR CORROSION OF METAL
			Prevention of Corrosion
		SOLVED EXAMPLES
			Conductance
			Faraday’s Law
			emf and Nernst Equation
		EXERCISES
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Chapter 10 Chemical Kinetics
	KINETICS OF CHEMICAL REACTIONS
		RATE OF REACTION
			Instantaneous Rate of Reactions
			Features of Rate of Reaction
			Specific Reaction Rate or Velocity Constant
			Factors Affecting Rate of Reaction
		COLLISION THEORY
			Activation Energy
			Arrehenius Equation
			Graph between log10 k and 1/T
		ELEMENTARY AND COMPLEX REACTIONS
		MOLECULARITY
		ORDER OF REACTION
			Zero-order Reaction
			First-order Reaction
			Second-order Reaction
			Pseudo First-order Reactions
		SOLVED EXAMPLES
			Rate of Reaction, Rate Constant
			Activation Energy
			Determination of Order of Reaction
		EXERCISES
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		HINTS AND SOLUTIONS
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Chapter 11 Surface Chemistry
	ADSORPTION, CATALYSIS, COLLOIDS AND EMULSIONS
		ADSORPTION
			Features of Adsorption
			Types of Adsorption
			Factors Effecting Adsorption
			Uses of Adsorption
		CATALYSTS
			Homogenous Catalysis
			Heterogenous Catalysis
			Features of a Catalyst
			Catalyst Promoter or Activators
			Catalyst Poison
			Types of Catalysts
			Theories of Catalysis
			Enzyme Catalyst or Biochemical Catalyst
		COLLOIDAL STATE
			Classification of Colloids
			Preparation of Lyophilic Sols
			Preparation of Lyophobic Sols
			Purification of Colloidal Solutions
			Properties of Colloidal Solutions
			Emulsions
			Gels
			Application of Colloids
		EXERCISES
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		HINTS AND SOLUTIONS
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Chapter 12 Periodic Properties
	PERIODIC LAWS AND PERIODIC TREND IN PROPERTIES OF ELEMENTS
		MODERN PERIODIC LAW
			Moder n Periodic Table
			Long Form of Periodic Table
			Type of Elements
		TRENDS IN PERIODIC PROPERTIES OFELEMENTS
			Atomic Size or Radius
			Ionization Enthalpy
			Electron Gain Enthalpy or ElectronAffinity (EA)
			Electronegativity
			Nature of Oxides and Hydroxides
			Nature of Oxy-acids
			Nature of Hydrides
			Atomic Volume
			Boiling Point, Melting Point and Density
			Hydration Energy (Δ Hy.) and LatticeEnergy (U)
			Ionic Mobility
		EXERCISES
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		HINTS AND SOLUTIONS
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			Previous Years’ Questions
Chapter 13
Chemical Bonding
	BONDS
		VALENCY
			Types of Bonds
		IONIC OR KERNEL BOND
			Conditions for the Formationof an Ionic Bond
			Born–Haber Cycle
			Properties of Ionic Compounds
		COVALENT BOND
			Features of Covalent Compounds
			Sigma (σ) Bond
			Pi (π) Bond
			To Find the Number of Sigmaand Pi Bonds in a Molecule
		COORDINATE OR SEMI-POLAR BOND
		HYDROGEN BOND
			Intermolecular H-Bonding
			Facts Related to IntermolecularHydrogen Bonding
			Effects of Intermolecular H-Bonding
			Effects of Intramolecular H-Bonding
		METALLIC BONDING
			Conditions for Formation of Metallic Bond
			Properties Related to Metallic Bond
			Demerits of Electron-Sea Model
		RESONANCE
			Resonance Energy
			Stability of Different Canonical Structures
			Types of Resonance
		HYBRIDIZATION
			Facts About Hybridization
			Types of Hybridization
			Rules to Find the Type of Hybridization
		VSEPR (Valence Shell Electron PairRepulsion Theory
			sp3 Hybridization
			sp3d Hybridization
			sp3d2 Hybridization
			sp3d3 Hybridization
			Dipole Moment
			Specific Cases of Dipole Moment
			Uses
		MOLECULAR ORBITAL THEORY
			Facts Related to HoMOs and LuMOs
			Formation of Various Molecular Orbital
			Order of Filling Electrons inMolecular Orbital
			Some Orders Related to MolecularOrbital Theory
			Some Important Features of a Bond
		EXERCISES
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Chapter 14 Chemistry of Representive Elements
	s-BLOCK AND p-BLOCK ELEMENTS
		ALKALI METALS (GROUP IA)
			Trends in Physical Properties
			Chemical Properties of Alkali Metals
			Effect of Heat on Alkali Metal Salts
		ALKALINE EARTH METALS (GROUP IIA)
			Trends in Physical Properties
			Chemical Properties and Compounds
		BORON FAMILY (GROUP IIIA OR GROUP 13)
			Properties of Boron Family
			Properties of Carbon Family
		NITROGEN FAMILY(GROUP VA ORGROUP 15)
		OXYGEN FAMILY (CHALCOGENS)(GTOUP VIA OR GROUP 16)
			Properties of Oxygen Family
		HALOGEN FAMILY (SEA SALT FORMING)(GROUP VII A OR GROUP 17)
			Properties of Halogen Family
		NOBLE GASES OR ZERO GROUP(GROUP VIIIA OR GROUP 18)
			Properties of Noble Gases
		EXERCISES
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Chapter 15 Chemistry of Non-Metals I
	HYDROGEN, OXYGEN AND NITROGEN
		HYDROGEN OR ROGUE ELEMENT
			Resemblance of Hydrogen with AlkaliMetals (Group IA)
			Resemblance with Halogens
			Isotopes of Hydrogen
			Different Forms of Hydrogen
			Preparation of Hydrogen
			By the action of water on ionic hydrides
			Properties of Hydrogen
			Reactions of Hydrogen
			Hydrogenation reactions
			Uses of Hydrogen
		HYDRIDES
			Types of Hydrides
			Metallic or interstitial hydrides
			Covalent or molecular hydrides
		OXYGEN (O2)
			Preparation of Oxygen
			Properties of Oxygen
			Uses of Oxygen
		OXIDES
			Classification
		OZONE (O3)
			Preparation of Ozone
			Properties of Ozone
			Structure of Ozone
			Uses of Ozone
		WATER
		HYDRATES OR HYDRATED SALTS
		HYDROGEN PEROXIDE (H2O2)
			Preparation of H2O2
			Concentrating H2O2
			Strength of H2O2
			Storage of H2O2
			Physical Properties of H2O2
			Chemical Properties of H2O2
			Oxidizing properties
			Structure of H2O2
			Uses of H2O2
		NITROGEN (N2)
			Preparation of Nitrogen
			Properties of Nitrogen
			Oxides of Nitrogen
		AMMONIA (NH3)
			Preparation of Ammonia
			Properties of Ammonia
		NITRIC ACID (HNO3)
			Preparation of Nitric Acid
			Properties of Nitric Acid
			Uses of Nitric Acid
			Structure of Nitric Acid
		EXERCISES
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Chapter 16 Chemistry of Non-Metals II
	BORON, CARBON, SILICON, PHOSPHORUS,SULPHUR, HALOGENS, NOBLE GASES
		BORON (5B11)
			Properties of Boron
			Uses of Boron
			Compounds of Boron
			Hydrides of Boron
			Halides of Boron (BX3)
		CARBON(6C12)
			Occurrence
			Crystalline Form
			Graphite (Black Lead or Plumbago)
			Amorphous Form
			Properties of Carbon
			Compounds of Carbon
		SILICON (28Si14)
			Occurrence
			Preparation of Silicon
			Properties of Silicon
			Reaction with Steam
			Compound of Silicon
			Phosphrous(15P31)
			Allotropic Forms of Phosphorus
			Black Phosphorous
			Phosphorus Trichloride (PCl3)
			Physio-chemical Properties
			Phosphorus Pentachloride (PCl5)
			Phosphine (PH3)
			Physical Properties
			Oxide of Phosporous
			Oxyacids of Phosphorus
			Phosphorus Acid (H3PO3)
			Orthophosphoric Acid (H3PO4)
		FERTILIZERS
			Nitrogenous Fertilizers
			Phosphatic Fertilizers
			Potash Fertilizers
			Mixed Fertilizers
		SULPHUR (16S32)
			Occurrence
			Extraction of Sulphur
			Properties of Sulphur
			Compounds of Sulphur
			Sulphur Trioxide (SO3)
			Sodium Thiosulphate or Hypo(Na2S2O3 .5H2O)
		HALOGENS AND HALOGEN ACIDS
			Fluorines (9F19)
			Chlorine (17Cl35)
			Hypochlorous Acid (HClO)
			Chlorous Acid (HClO2)
			Chloric Acid (HClO3)
			Properties of Chlorine
			Bromine(35Br80)
			Preparation of Bromine
			Properties of Bromine
			Iodine(53l127)
			Common Reactions of Halogens
			Hydra Acids (HX)
		NOBLE GASES
			Occurrence
			Isolation or Separation of Noble Gasesfrom Air
			Separation of Noble Gases from a Mixture
			Physical Method or FractionalDistillation of Liquid Air
			Physicochemical Properties
			Compounds of Inert Gases
			Compounds of Xenon
			Xenon Difluoride (XeF2)
			Xenon Tetrafluoride (XeF4)
			Xenon hexafluoride (XeF6)
			Uses of Inert Gases
		EXERCISES
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Chapter 17 Chemistry of Lighter Elements
	SODIUM, POTASSIUM, MAGNESIUM, CALCIUM, ALUMINIUM
		SODIUM (11NA23)
			Preparation of Sodium
			Compounds of sodium
			Sodium chloride (NaCl)
			Sodium Bicarbonate or Baking Stoda(NaHCO3)
		POTASSIUM (19K39)
			Occurrence
			Extraction of Potassium
			Compounds of Potassium
		MAGNESIUM (12Mg24)
			Extraction of Magnesium
			Properties of Magnesium
			Uses of Magnesium
			Compounds of Magnesium
			Magnesium Chloride (MgCl2)
			Magnesium Sulphate or Epsom Salt orEpsomite
		CALCIUM (20Ca40)
			Occurrence
			Extraction of Calcium
			Properties of Calcium
			Uses of Calcium
			Compounds of Calcium
			Calcium oxide or marble or limestone (CaCO3)
		ALUMINIUM (9Al27)
			Occurrence
			Extraction of Aluminium
			Uses of Aluminium
			Some Important Alloys of Aluminium
			Compounds of Aluminium
			Alums
			Cement
		BIOLOGICAL ROLE OF Na, K, Mg, Ca
			Sodium (Na)
			Potassium (K)
			Calcium (Ca)
			Magnesium (Mg)
		EXERCISES
			Single Option Correct Type
			More than One Option Correct Type
			Passage Based Questions
			Match the Column Type
			Previous Years' Questions
		ANSWER KEYS
		HINTS AND SOLUTIONS
			Single Option Correct Type
			More than One Option Correct Type
			Passage Based Questions
			Previous Years' Questions
Chapter 18 Chemistry of Heavier Elements (Metallurgy)
	IRON, COPPER, SILVER, ZINC, MERCURY, TIN, LEAD
		HEAVIER ELEMENTS
			Occurrence in Atmosphere
			Occurrence in Sea
			Occurrence in Earth Crust (Lithosphere)
			Classification of Ores
		EXTRACTION OF METALS (METALLURGY)
			Crushing of Ore
			Removal of Impurities from the Crushed Ore
			Reduction of Metal Oxides into Free Metals
			Refining or Purification of Metals
		IMPORTANT ORES OF Fe, Cu, Ag, Zn,Hg, Sn AND Pb
			Ores of Iron (Fe)
			Ores of Copper (Cu)
			Ores of Silver (Ag)
			Ores of Zinc (Zn)
			Ores of Mercury (Hg)
			Ores of Tin (Sn)
			Ores of Lead (Pb)
		EXTRACTION OF Fe, Cu, Ag, Zn, Hg,Sn AND Pb
		OXIDES
			Ferric Oxide (Fe2O3)
			Cupric Oxide (CuO)
			Uses
			Cuprous Oxide (Cu2O)
			Silver Oxide (Ag2O)
			Zinc Oxide (ZnO)
			Properties
			Uses
			Stannous Oxide (SnO)
			Stannic Oxide (SnO2)
			Lead Monoxide (PbO)
			Lead Dioxide (PbO2)
		HALIDES
			Ferric Chloride (FeCl3)
			Cupric Chloride (CuCl2. 2H2O)
			Silver Bromide (AgBr)
			Zinc Chloride (ZnCl2.2H2O)
			Mercuric Chloride (HgCl2)
			Mercurous Chloride or Calomel (Hg2Cl2)
			Stannous Chloride (SnCl2)
			Stannic Chloride (SnCl4)
			Lead Chloride or Plumbous Chloride (PbCl2)
			Lead Tetrachloride or PlumbicChloride (PbCl4)
		SULPHATES
			Ferrous Sulphate or GreenVitriol (FeSO4 .7H2O)
			Copper Sulphate or Blue Vitriol(CuSO4 .5H2O)
			Zinc Sulphide (ZnS)
			Zinc Sulphate or White Vitriol(ZnSO4 .7H2O)
		EXERCISES
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			More than One Option Correct Type
			Passage Based Questions
			Match the Column Type
			Integer Type
			Previous Years' Questions
		ANSWER KEYS
		HINTS AND SOLUTIONS
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			Match the Column Type
			Integer Type
			Previous Years' Questions
Chapter 19 Transition Metals Including Lanthanides and Actinides
	d-BLOCK AND f-BLOCK ELEMENTS
		TRANSITION ELEMENTS
			Electronic Configuration
			Physicochemical Properties
			Ionic radii
			Some Important Compounds ofTransition Elements
		INNER TRANSITION ELEMENTS ORF-BLOCK ELEMENTS
			Lanthanide Contraction
			Actinides or Actinones
			Actinides have Following ImportantProperties:
		EXERCISES
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			More than One Option Correct Type
			Passage Based Questions
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			Previous Years’ Questions
		ANSWER KEYS
		HINTS AND SOLUTIONS
			Single Option Correct Type
			Match the Column Type
			Previous Year’s Questions
Chapter 20 Coordination Compounds
	COORDINATION COMPLEXES
		TYPES OF COORDINATION COMPLEXES
			Perfect or Penetrating Complex
			Imperfect or Normal Complex
		REPRESENTATION OF A COORDINATECOMPLEX
		TERMS RELATED TO A COMPLEX
			Coordination Sphere
			Central Metal Atom or Ion or Centre ofCoordination
			Ligand
			Coordination Number or Ligancy
			Effective Atomic Number (EAN)
		PREPARATION OF COMPLEXES
			By Substitution Reactions
			By Direct Combinations
			By Redox Reactions
		NOMENCLATURE OF COORDINATIONCOMPOUNDS
		ISOMERISM IN COORDINATIONCOMPOUNDS
			Structural Isomerism
			Stereo Isomerism
		BONDING IN COMPLEXES
			Werner’s Theory
			Valence Bond Theory
			Crystal Field Theory
		ORGANOMETALLIC COMPOUNDS
			Types of Organometallic Compounds
			Applications of OrganometallicCompounds
			Coordination Compounds in BiologicalSystem
		EXERCISES
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			More than One Option Correct Type
			Passage Based Questions
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			Integer Type
			Previous Year’s Questions
		ANSWER KEYS
		HINTS AND SOLUTIONS
			More than One Option Correct Type
			Passage Based Questions
			Integer Type
			Previous Years’ Questions
Chapter 21 Nuclear Chemistry
	RADIOACTIVITY AND NUCLEAR REACTIONS
		RADIOACTIVITY
			Reasons for Unstable Nucleus orRadioactivity
			Nature of Radiations
			Group Displacement Law
			Radioactive Disintegration Series
			Rate of Radioactive Disintegrationand Disintegration Constant
			Radioactive Equilibrium or Steady State
			Average Life
		NUCLEAR REACTIONS
			Difference Between a Nuclear anda Chemical Reaction
			Types of Nuclear Reactions
			Nuclear Fission
			Spallation
			Nuclear Fusion
			Uses of Artificial Radioactive Isotope
		SOLVED EXAMPLES
			Mass Defect and Binding Energy
			Half-life, Rate Constant
			Carbon Dating, Rock Dating
		EXERCISES
			Single Option Correct Type
			More than One Option Correct Type
			Passage Based Questions
			Match the Column Type
			Integer Type
			Previous Years’ Questions
		ANSWER KEYS
		HINTS AND SOLUTIONS
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		More than One Option Correct Type
		Passage Based Questions
		Match the Column Type
		Integer Type
		Previous Years’ Questions
Chapter 22 Purification andCharacterization ofCarbon Compounds
	METHODS OF PURIFICATION AND CHARACTERIZATION
		PURIFICATION
			Sublimation
			Crystallization
			Fractional Crystallization
			Fractional Distillation
			Steam Distillation
			Vacuum Distillation or DistillationUnder Reduced Pressure
			Chromatography
			Some Separation Methods Basedon Chemicals
		DETECTION OF ELEMENTS ORQUALITATIVE ANALYSIS
			Test for Carbon and Hydrogen
			Test for Nitrogen
			Test for Sulphur
			Test for Phosphorus
			Test for Halogens
		ESTIMATION OF ELEMENTS ORQUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS
			Estimation of Carbon and Hydrogen
			Estimation of Nitrogen
			Estimation of Halogens
			Estimation of Phosphorus
			Estimation of Sulphur
		MOLECULAR WEIGHT DETERMINATION
		EMPIRICAL AND MOLECULAR FORMULAS
			Empirical Formula
			Molecular Formula
		MODERN METHODS OF STRUCTUREELUCIDATION
			Mass Spectroscopy
		SOLVED EXAMPLES
		EXERCISES
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			More than One Option Correct Type
			Passage Based Questions
			Match the Column Type
			Integer Type
			Previous Years’ Questions
		ANSWER KEYS
		HINTS AND SOLUTIONS
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			More than One Option Correct Type
			Passage Based Questions
			Integer Type
			Previous Years’ Questions
Chapter 23 General Organic Chemistry I
	NOMENCLATURE AND ISOMERISM
		ORGANIC AND INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
			Berzelius Hypothesis
			Modern Definition of Organic Chemistry
			Diversity of Organic Compounds
			Classification of Organic Compounds
		HOMOLOGOUS SERIES
			Characteristics of Homologous Series
		HYBRIDIZATION
			Facts about Hybridization
			Types of Hybridization
		IUPAC SYSTEM
			Selection of the Longest Chain of C-atoms
			Rules for Numbering of C-atoms of theChain
			Nomenclature of Aromatic Compounds
			Some Specific Examples
		ISOMERISM
			Structural or Constitutional Isomerism
			Stereoisomerism or Space Isomerism
			Conformational Isomerism
		EXERCISES
			Single Option Correct Type
			More than One Option Correct Type
			Passage Based Questions
			Match the Column Type
			Assertion-Reason Type
			Integer Type
			Previous Years' Questions
		ANSWER KEYS
		HINTS AND SOLUTIONS
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			Passage Based Questions
			Assertion-Reason Type
			Integer Type
			Previous Years' Questions
Chapter 24 General Organic Chemistry II
	REACTION INTERMEDIATES AND REACTION MECHANISMS
		BOND FISSION
			Homolytic Fission or Homolysis
			Heterolytic Fission or Heterolysis
		ELECTROPHILE ORELECTROPHILLIC SPECIES
			Positively Charged Electrophiles
		NUCLEOPHILE OR NUCLEOPHILIC SPECIES
		REACTION INTERMEDIATES
			Charged Reaction Intermediates
		ELECTRON DISPLACEMENT EFFECTS
			Inductive Effect
			Application of inductive effect
			Resonance
			Hyper Conjugation
			Mesomeric Effect
			+M effect
			–M effect
			Consequences of Mesomeric Effect
		REACTION MECHANISMS
			Substitution or Displacement Reaction
			Addition Reactions
			Nucleophilic Addition Reaction
			Elimination Reaction
		EXERCISES
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			More than One Option Correct Type
			Passage Based Questions
			Match the Column Type
			Integer Type
			Previous Years' Questions
		ANSWER KEYS
		HINTS AND SOLUTIONS
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			Passage Based Questions
			Match the Column Type
			Integer Type
			Previous Years' Questions
Chapter 25 Hydrocarbons and Petroleum
	HYDROCARBONS
		ALKANES
			Methods of Preparation of Alkanes
			Physical Properties of Alkanes
			Chemical Properties of Alkanes
		ALKENES OR OLEFINS
			Methods of Preparation of Alkenes
			Physical Properties of Alkenes
			Chemical Properties of Alkenes
		ALKYNES
			Methods of Preparation of Alkynes
			Physical Properties
			Chemical Properties
		BENZENE
			Methods of Preparation of Benzene
			Physical Properties
			Chemical Properties
			Various Structural Formulae of Benzene
		TOLUENE OR METHYL BENZENE
			Methods of Preparation of Toluene
			Physical Properties
			Chemical Properties
		PETROLEUM
			Synthetic petrol
		EXERCISES
			Single Option Correct Type
			More than One Option Correct Type
			Passage Based Questions
			Match the Column Type
			Integer Type
			Previous Years' Questions
		ANSWER KEYS
		HINTS AND SOLUTIONS
			More than One Option Correct Type
			Passage Based Questions
			Match the Column Type
			Integer Type
			Previous Year’s Questions
Chapter 26 Organic Compoundswith Functional GroupsContaining Halogens (X)
	HALOALKANES AND HALOARENES
		HALOALKANES
			Monohalides
			Solubility
			Dihalides
			Trihalides or Haloforms (CHX3)
		CCl4 OR PYRENE (CARBON TETRACHLORIDE)
		TEFLON (–CF2–CF2–)n
		CHLOROBENZENE
		EXERCISES
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			More than One Option Correct Type
			Passage Based Questions
			Match the Column Type
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			Previous Years' Questions
		ANSWER KEYS
		HINTS AND SOLUTIONS
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			Passage Based Questions
			Match the Column Type
			Integer Type
			Previous Years' Questions
Chapter 27 Alcohol, Phenol, Ether
	ALCOHOLS, PHENOL AND ETHER
		ALCOHOLS
			Nomenclature of Alcohols
			Isomerism Shown by Alcohols
			General Methods of Preparation
			Physical Properties of Alcohol
			Chemical Properties of Alcohols
			Test for Primary, Secondary and TertiaryAlcohols
			Ethylene Glycol
			Glycerol or Glycerine
		PHENOLS
		PHENOL OR CARBOLIC ACID
			Methods of Preparation
			Physical Properties of Phenol
			Chemical Properties of Phenol
			Test of Phenol
			Uses of Phenol
		ETHERS (R–O–R )
			Nomenclature of Ethers
			Isomerism Shown by Ethers
			Methods of Preparation
			Physical Properties of Ethers
			Chemical Reactions Shown by Ethers
			Epoxy Ethers
			Methods of Preparation of Epoxy Ethers
		EXERCISES
			Single Option Correct Type
			More than One Option Correct Type
			Passage Based Questions
			Match the Column Type
			Integer Type
			Previous Years' Questions
		ANSWER KEYS
		HINTS AND SOLUTIONS
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			Passage Based Questions
			Match the Column Type
			Integer Type
			Previous Years’ Questions
Chapter 28 Organic Compounds Containing Oxygen-II
	ALDEHYDES, KETONES, ACIDS AND ACID DERIVATIVES
		ALDEHYDES AND KETONES
			Isomerism Shown by Aldehydes andKetones
			General Methods of Preparationfor both R–CHO and R–CO–R
			Preparations for Aldehydes only
			Physical Properties
			Chemical Properties
			Reduction Reactions
			Name Reactions
			Reactions Shown only by Aldehydes
			Reactions Shown by Ketones Only
		BENZALDEHYDE
			Methods of Preparation
			Chemical Properties
			Benzaldehyde vs Aliphatic Aldehydes
		CARBOXYLIC ACIDS
			Isomerism Shown by Acids
			General Method of Preparation
			Physical Properties
			Chemical Properties
		BENZOIC ACID
			Methods of Preparation
			Chemical Properties
		DICARBOXYLIC ACID
		OXALIC ACID
			Method of Preparation
			Physical Properties
			Chemical Properties
		MALONIC ACID
			Method of preparation
			Properties
			Method of preparation
			Properties
		ACID DERIVATIVES
			Nucleophillic Substitution Reaction
		ACID HALIDES
			Methods of Preparation
			Physical Properties
			Chemical properties
			Reduction Reactions
			Acid Anhydride
			Methods of Preparation
			Physical Properties
			Chemical Properties
			Amides
			Methods of Preparation
			Physical Properties
			Chemical Properties
			Esters
			Methods of Preparation
			Physical Properties
			Chemical Properties
		EXERCISES
			Single Option Correct Type
			More than One Option Correct Type
			Passage Based Questions
			Match the Column Type
			Integer Type
			Previous Years' Questions
		ANSWER KEYS
		HINTS AND SOLUTIONS
			Single Option Correct Type
			More than One Option Correct Type
			Passage Based Questions
			Integer Type
			Previous Years' Question
Chapter 29 Organic Compoundswith Functional GroupsContaining Nitrogen
	AMINES, CYANIDES, ISOCYANIDES AND NITROCOMPOUNDS
		SOME NITRO COMPOUNDS
			Alkyl Nitrites and Nitro Alkanes
			Alkyl Nitrite
			Nitro Alkanes
			Nitrobenzene
			Uses
		AMINES
			Introduction and Nomenclature
			Methods of Preparation for all Typesof Amines
			Methods of Preparation of Primary Amines
			Methods of Preparation for SecondaryAmines
			Methods of Preparation for TertiaryAmines
			Physical Properties of Amines
			Chemical Properties
			Aniline or Amino Benzene
			Methods of Preparation
			Physical Properties
			Chemical Properties
			Reactions Due to NH2 Group
			Benzene Diazonium Chloride
			Coupling Reactions
		CYANIDES
			Methods of Preparation
			Physical Properties
			Chemical Properties
		ISOCYANIDES
			Preparation of RNC
			Chemical Properties
		EXERCISES
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			More than One Option Correct Type
			Passage Based Questions
			Match the Column Type
			Integer Type
			Previous Years’ Questions
		ANSWER KEYS
		HINTS AND SOLUTIONS
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			Passage Based Questions
			Match the Column Type
			Integer Type
			Previous Years’ Questions
Chapter 30 Polymers
	NATURAL AND SYNTHETIC POLYMERS
		INTRODUCTION
			Polymers and Macromolecules
		CLASSIFICATION OF POLYMERS
			Classification Bases on Origin
			Classification Based on Synthesis
		FREE RADICAL ADDITIONPOLYMERIZATION
			Classification Based on Structure
			Classification Based on Molecular Forces
			Some Commercially Important Polymersand their Uses
		EXERCISES
			Single Option Correct Type
			More than One Option Correct Type
			Passage Based Questions
			Match the Column Type
			Previous Year’s Questions
		ANSWER KEYS
		HINTS AND SOLUTIONS
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			More than One Option Correct Type
			Passage Based Questions
			Previous Year’s Questions
Chapter 31 Biomolecules and Biological Processes
	BIOMOLECULES AND BIOLOGICAL PROCESSES
		BIOMOLECULES
		THE CELL
			Structure of the Cell
		CARBOHYDRATES
			Classification of Carbohydrates
			Monosaccharides
		STRUCTURE OF MONOSACCHARIDES
			Disaccharides
			Polysaccharides
			Test of Carbohydrates
		AMINO ACIDS
			Effect of pH on the Structure of α-AminoAcid
			Types of Amino Acids
		PROTEINS
			Fibrous Proteins
			Globular Protiens
			Detection of ProteinBiuret test
		ENZYMES
			Properties of Enzymes
		NUCLEIC ACID
			Constituents of Nucleic Acid
			Differences between DNA and RNA
			Functions of Nucleic Acids
			Mutations
			Type of Lipids
		VITAMINS
			Types of Vitamins
		HORMONES
		SOME IMPORTANT HORMONES
			Some Biological Processes
			Vital Fluids (Water and Blood)
			Immune System
			Biotechnology
			Unforgettable Guidelines
			Antioxidants
		EXERCISES
			Single Option Correct Type
			More than One Option Correct Type
			Passage Based Questions
			Match the Column Type
			Integer Type
			Previous Years’ Questions
		ANSWER KEYS
		HINTS AND SOLUTIONS
			Single Option Correct Type
			More than One Option Correct Type
			Passage Based Questions
			Integer Type
			Previous Years’ Questions
Chapter 32 Chemistry in Everyday Life
	DYES, DRUGS AND PROPELLANTS
		CHEMICALS IN MEDICINE
			Chemotherapy
			(1) Antipyretics
			(2) Analgesics
			(3) Antibiotics
			(4) Tranquilizers
			(5) Antiseptics and Disinfectants
			(6) Anti-viral Drugs
			(7) Anti-fertility Drugs or OralContraceptives
			(8) Anti-allergic Drugs or Antihistamines
			(9) Antacids
			(10) Anti-malarial
			(11) Anti-microbials
			(12) Anaesthetics
			Soaps and Detergents
		PROPELLANTS
			Solid Propellant
			Liquid Propellant
			Specific Impulse
		DYES
			Cause of Exhibition of Colour
			Chromophore
			Auxochrome
			Classification of Dyes
			Some Advanced Chemical Materials
			Fungicides, Herbicide and Insecticide etc.
			Rotenticides
		EXERCISES
			Single Option Correct Type
			More than One Option Correct Type
			Passage Based Questions
			Match the Column Type
			Integer Type
			Previous Years’ Questions
		ANSWER KEYS
		HINTS AND SOLUTIONS
			Single Option Correct Type
			More than One Option Correct Type
			Previous Years’ Questions
Chapter 33 Environment Chemistry
	FORMS AND CAUSES OF ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION
		ENVIRONMENT
			Atmosphere
			Hydrosphere
			Lithosphere
			Biosphere
		ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTIONAND POLLUTANTS
			Types of Pollutants
			Types of Pollution
		CONTROL OF ENVIRONMENTALPOLLUTION AND GREEN CHEMISTRY
			Green Chemistry
		EXERCISES
			Single Option Correct Type
			Previous Years’ Questions
		ANSWER KEYS
		HINTS AND SOLUTIONS
			Single Option Correct Type
			Previous Years’ Questions
Chapter 34 Practical Chemistry
	PRINCIPLES OF PRACTICAL CHEMISTRY
		DETECTION AND IDENTIFICATION OFFUNCTIONAL GROUP
			Detection and Identificationof Phenols
			Detection and Identification of Aldehydic(CHO) and Ketonic (–COR) Groups
			Detection and Identification –COOH Group
			Test for Amines (−NH2)
		CHEMISTRY INVOLVED IN THEPREPARATION OF COMPOUNDS
			Mohr’s Salt (Ferrous Ammonium Sulphate)(NH4)2SO4.FeSO4.6H2O
			Potash Alum K2SO4 Al2 (SO4)3 24 H2O
			Essential Chemicals Needed
		CHEMISTRY INVOLVED IN THETITRIMETRIC EXERCISES
			Acid base Indicators
			OxidationReduction Titrations
			Oxalic Acid  KMnO4 Titrations
			Ferrous Ammonium-Sulphate − KMnO4Titration
		CONFIRMATORY AND CHARACTERISTICTEST OF ANIONS (ACIDIC RADICALS)
		CHARACTERISTIC TEST OF CATIONS
		CHEMICAL PRINCIPLES INVOLVED IN THEFOLLOWING EXPERIMENTS
			Enthalpy of Solution of CuSO4
			Observation and Calculations
			Kinetic Study of Reaction between I andH2O2 in Acidic Medium
		EXERCISES
			Single Option Correct Type
			More than One Option Correct Type
			Passage Based Questions
			Match the Column Type
			Integer Type
			Previous Years' Questions
		ANSWER KEYS
		HINTS AND SOLUTIONS
			Single Option Correct Type
			Integer Type
			Previous Years’ Questions
Appendix
	ORGANIC REACTIONS
	NAME REACTIONS
	NAMED REACTIONS AND THEIR MECHANISMS
		(1) ALDOL CONDENSATION
		(2) BAEYER - VILLIGER REARRANGEMENT
		(3) BECKMANN REARRANGEMENT
		(4) BENZOIN CONDENSATION
		(5) CARBYL AMINE REACTION
		6) CANNIZARO REACTION:Mechanis
		(7) CLAISEN CONDENSATION
		(8) CLAISEN REARRANGEMENT
		(9) CLEMMENSEN REDUCTION
		(10) FRIES REARRANGEMENT
		(11) HALOFORM REACTION
		(12) HOFMANN BROMAMIDE REACTION
		13) PERKIN REACTION:Mechanis
		(14) PINANACOL -PINACOLONE REARRANGEMENT
		(15) REIMER - TIEMANN REACTION
		(16) SCHMIDT REACTION
		(17) WOLFF - KISHNER REDUCTION:Machanism
	FACTS TO REMEMBER
		IMPORTANT FACTS TO MEMORIZE
	IMPORTANT CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS
		IMPORTANT ORES
			Some Important Alloys
			Important Compounds
			Water Solubility of Some Common Inorganic Compounds
			Action of Heat on Some Salts
			Important Processes
		IMPORTANT ABBREVIATIONS
			IMPORTANT ABBREVIATIONS
		MINERALS WITH METALLIC LUSTURE
		INCREASING ORDERS
			IMPORTANT FORMULAE OF REPLACEMENT OF GROUPS
			IMPORTANT REAGENTS AND MIXTURES
			IMPORTANT INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES
Mock Test
	Mock Test 1
		ANSWER KEYS
		HINTS AND SOLUTIONS
	Mock Test 2
		Assertion-Reason Type
		ANSWER KEYS
		HINTS AND SOLUTIONS
			Assertion-Reason Type
	Mock Test 3
		ANSWER KEYS
		HINTS AND SOLUTIONS
	Mock Test 4
		ANSWER KEYS
		HINTS AND SOLUTIONS
	Mock Test 5
		ANSWER KEYS
		HINTS AND SOLUTIONS