A Child's World: Infancy Through Adolescence.

Title
Contents
Part 1 Entering a Child’s World
	1 Studying a Child’s World
		The Study of Child Development: Then and Now
			Early Approaches
			Developmental Psychology Becomes a Science
			Studying the Life Span
			New Frontiers
		The Study of Child Development: Basic Concepts
			Domains of Development
			Periods of Development
		Infl uences on Development
			Heredity, Environment, and Maturation
			Contexts of Development
			Normative and Nonnormative Infl uences
			Timing of Infl uences: Critical or Sensitive Periods
		An Emerging Consensus
		Summary and Key Terms
		Boxes 1-1 Around the World: Children of Immigrant Families
		1-2 The Everyday World: Studying the Life Course: Growing Up in Hard Times
		1-3 The Research World: Is There a Critical Period for Language Acquisition?
	2 A Child’s World: How We Discover It
		Basic Theoretical Issues
			Issue 1: Is Development Active or Reactive?
			Issue 2: Is Development Continuous or Discontinuous?
		Theoretical Perspectives
			Perspective 1: Psychoanalytic
			Perspective 2: Learning
			Perspective 3: Cognitive
			Perspective 4: Contextual
			Perspective 5: Evolutionary/Sociobiological
			A Shifting Balance
		Research Methods
			Quantitative and Qualitative Research
			Sampling
			Forms of Data Collection
			Evaluating Quantitative and Qualitative Research
			Basic Research Designs
			Developmental Research Designs
			Collaborative Research
		Ethics of Research
			Right to Informed Consent
			Avoidance of Deception
			Right to Self-Esteem
			Right to Privacy and Confi dentiality
		Summary and Key Terms
		Boxes 2-1 The Research World: The Adaptive Value of Immaturity
		2-2 Around the World: Purposes of Cross-Cultural Research
Part 2 Beginnings
	3 Forming a New Life: Conception, Heredity, and Environment
		Conceiving a New Life
			Changing Theories of Conception
			How Fertilization Takes Place
		Infertility
			Causes of Infertility
			Treatments for Infertility
			Alternative Ways to Parenthood: Assisted Reproductive Technology
		Mechanisms of Heredity
			The Genetic Code
			What Determines Sex?
			Patterns of Genetic Transmission
		Genetic and Chromosomal Abnormalities
			Dominant or Recessive Inheritance of Defects
			Sex-Linked Inheritance of Defects
			Chromosomal Abnormalities
			Genetic Counseling and Testing
		Nature and Nurture: Infl uences of Heredity and Environment
			Studying the Relative Infl uences of Heredity and Environment
			How Heredity and Environment Work Together
		Some Characteristics Infl uenced by Heredity and Environment
			Physical and Physiological Traits
			Intelligence
			Personality
			Psychopathology
		Summary and Key Terms
		Boxes 3-1 The Everyday World: Multiple Births
		3-2 The Research World: Genetic Testing
	4 Pregnancy and Prenatal Development
		Prenatal Development: Three Stages
			The Germinal Stage (Fertilization to 2 Weeks)
			The Embryonic Stage (2 to 8 Weeks)
			The Fetal Stage (8 Weeks to Birth)
		Prenatal Development: Environmental Infl uences
			Maternal Factors
			Paternal Factors
		Monitoring and Promoting Prenatal Development
			Disparities in Prenatal Care
			The Need for Preconception Care
		Summary and Key Terms
		Boxes 4-1 Around the World: Mourning a Miscarriage or Stillbirth
		4-2 The Everyday World: Fetal Welfare versus Mothers’ Rights
	5 Birth and the Newborn Baby
		Childbirth and Culture: How Birthing Has Changed
			Reducing the Risks of Childbirth
			Contemporary Settings for Childbirth
		The Birth Process
			Stages of Childbirth
			Electronic Fetal Monitoring
			Vaginal versus Cesarean Delivery
			Medicated versus Nonmedicated Delivery
		The Newborn Baby
			Size and Appearance
			Body Systems
			Medical and Behavioral Assessment
			States of Arousal and Activity Levels
		Complications of Childbirth—and Their Aftermath
			Low Birth Weight
			Postmaturity
			Stillbirth
			Can a Supportive Environment Overcome Effects of Birth Complications?
		Newborns and Parents
			Infant Care: A Cross-Cultural View
			Childbirth and Bonding
			What Do Newborns Need from Their Mothers?
			The Father’s Role
			How Parenthood Affects Marital Satisfaction
		Summary and Key Terms
		Boxes 5-1 Around the World: Having a Baby in the Himalayas
		5-2 The Everyday World: Comforting a Crying Baby
Part 3 Infancy and Toddlerhood Chapter
	6 Physical Development and Health during the First Three Years
		Early Growth and Physical Development
			Principles of Early Growth and Physical Development
			Growth Patterns
		Nutrition and Feeding Methods
			Breast or Bottle?
			Starting Solid Foods
			Is Being Overweight a Problem in Infancy?
		The Brain and Refl ex Behavior
			Building the Brain
			Early Refl exes
			Molding the Brain: The Role of Experience
		Early Sensory Capacities
			Touch and Pain
			Smell and Taste
			Hearing
			Sight
		Motor Development
			Milestones of Motor Development
			Motor Development and Perception
			Eleanor and James Gibson’s Ecological Theory of Perception
			How Motor Development Occurs: Thelen’s Dynamic Systems Theory
			Cultural Infl uences on Motor Development
		Health
			Reducing Infant Mortality
			Immunization for Better Health
		Maltreatment: Abuse and Neglect
			Maltreatment in Infancy and Toddlerhood
			Contributing Factors: An Ecological View
			Helping Families in Trouble
			Long-Term Effects of Maltreatment
		Summary and Key Terms
		Boxes 6-1 The Research World: The Autism “Epidemic”
		6-2 Around the World: Sleep Customs
	7 Cognitive Development during the First Three Years
		Studying Cognitive Development: Six Approaches
		Behaviorist Approach: Basic Mechanics of Learning
			Classical and Operant Conditioning
			Infant Memory
		Psychometric Approach: Developmental and Intelligence Testing
			Testing Infants and Toddlers
			Assessing the Impact of the Home Environment
			Early Intervention
		Piagetian Approach: The Sensorimotor Stage
			Substages of the Sensorimotor Stage
			Do Imitative Abilities Develop Earlier Than Piaget Thought?
			Development of Knowledge about Objects and Space
			Evaluating Piaget’s Sensorimotor Stage
		Information-Processing Approach: Perceptions and Representations
			Habituation
			Visual and Auditory Processing Abilities
			Information Processing as a Predictor of Intelligence
			Information Processing and the Development of Piagetian Abilities
			Evaluating Information-Processing Research on Infants
		Cognitive Neuroscience Approach: The Brain’s Cognitive Structures
		Social-Contextual Approach: Learning from Interactions with Caregivers
		Language Development
			Sequence of Early Language Development
			Characteristics of Early Speech
			Classic Theories of Language Acquisition: The Nature-Nurture Debate
			Infl uences on Language Development
			Preparing for Literacy: The Benefi ts of Reading Aloud
		Summary and Key Terms
		Boxes 7-1 The Everyday World: Do Infants and Toddlers Watch Too Much Television?
		7-2 Around the World: Inventing Sign Language
	8 Psychosocial Development during the First Three Years
		Foundations of Psychosocial Development
			Emotions
			Temperament
		Developmental Issues in Infancy
			Developing Trust
			Developing Attachments
			Emotional Communication with Caregivers: Mutual Regulation
		Developmental Issues in Toddlerhood
			The Emerging Sense of Self
			Developing Autonomy
			The Roots of Moral Development: Socialization and Internalization
		Gender: How Different Are Baby Boys and Girls?
			Gender Differences in Infants and Toddlers
			How Parents Shape Gender Differences
		Contact with Other Children
			Siblings
			Sociability with Nonsiblings
		Children of Working Parents
			Effects of Maternal Employment
			Early Child Care
		Summary and Key Terms
		Boxes 8-1 The Everyday World: How Postpartum Depression Affects Early Development
		8-2 Around the World: Are Struggles with Toddlers Necessary?
Part 4 Early Childhood
	9 Physical Development and Health in Early Childhood
		Aspects of Physiological Development
			Bodily Growth and Change
		Sleep Patterns and Problems
			Sleep Disturbances and Disorders
			Bed-Wetting
		Brain Development
		Motor Development
			Gross and Fine Motor Skills
			Handedness
			Artistic Development
		Health and Safety
			Nutrition: Preventing Obesity
			Undernutrition
			Food Alergies
			Oral Health
			Accidental Injuries and Deaths
			Health in Context: Environmental Infl uences
		Summary and Key Terms
		Boxes 9-1 Around the World: Surviving the First Five Years of Life
		9-2 The Everyday World: Food Security
	10 Cognitive Development in Early Childhood
		Piagetian Approach: The Preoperational Child
			Advances of Preoperational Thought
			Immature Aspects of Preoperational Thought
			Do Young Children Have Theories of Mind?
		Information-Processing Approach: Memory Development
			Basic Processes and Capacities
			Recognition and Recall
			Forming and Retaining Childhood Memories
		Intelligence: Psychometric and Vygotskian Approaches
			Traditional Psychometric Measures
			Infl uences on Measured Intelligence
			Testing and Teaching Based on Vygotsky’s Theory
		Language Development
			Vocabulary
			Grammar and Syntax
			Pragmatics and Social Speech
			Delayed Language Development
			Preparation for Literacy
			Media and Cognition
		Early Childhood Education
			Types of Preschools
			Compensatory Preschool Programs
			The School of the Twenty-First Century: Universal Preschool
			The Child in Kindergarten
		Summary and Key Terms
		Boxes 10-1 The Everyday World: Imaginary Companions
		10-2 The Research World: Private Speech: Piaget versus Vygotsky
	11 Psychosocial Development in Early Childhood
		The Developing Self
			The Self-Concept and Cognitive Development
			Self-Esteem
			Understanding and Regulating Emotions
			Erikson: Initiative versus Guilt
		Gender
			Gender Differences
			Perspectives on Gender Development
		Play: The Business of Early Childhood
			Cognitive Levels of Play
			The Social Dimension of Play
			How Gender Infl uences Play
			How Culture Infl uences Play
		Parenting
			Forms of Discipline
			Parenting Styles
		Special Behavioral Concerns
			Prosocial Behavior
			Aggression
			Fearfulness
		Relationships with Other Children
			Sibling Relationships
			The Only Child
			Playmates and Friends
		Summary and Key Terms
		Boxes 11-1 The Research World: Does Play Have an Evolutionary Basis?
		11-2 The Everyday World: The Case against Corporal Punishment
Part 5 Middle Childhood Chapter
	12 Physical Development and Health in Middle Childhood
		Aspects of Physical Development
			Height and Weight
			Tooth Development and Dental Care
			Brain Development
		Nutrition and Sleep
			Nutritional Needs
			Sleep Patterns and Problems
		Motor Development and Physical Play
			Recess-Time Play
			Organized Sports
		Health and Safety
			Overweight and Body Image
			Medical Conditions
			Factors in Health and Access to Health Care
			Accidental Injuries
		Mental Health
			Common Emotional Disturbances
			Treatment Techniques
		Summary and Key Terms
		Boxes 12-1 The Everyday World: Do Barbie Dolls Affect Girls’ Body Image?
		12-2 Around the World: How Cultural Attitudes Affect Health Care
	13 Cognitive Development in Middle Childhood
		Piagetian Approach: The Concrete Operational Child
			Cognitive Advances
			Infl uences of Neurological Development and Schooling
			Moral Reasoning
		Information-Processing Approach: Attention, Memory, and Planning
			How Do Executive Skills Develop?
			Selective Attention
			Working Memory
			Metamemory: Understanding Memory
			Mnemonics: Strategies for Remembering
			Information Processing and Piagetian Tasks
		Psychometric Approach: Assessment of Intelligence
			The IQ Controversy
			Infl uences on Intelligence
			Is There More Than One Intelligence?
			Other Directions in Intelligence Testing
		Language and Literacy
			Vocabulary, Grammar, and Syntax
			Pragmatics: Knowledge about Communication
			Second-Language Learning
			Literacy
		The Child in School
			Entering First Grade
			Infl uences on School Achievement
		Educating Children with Special Needs
			Children with Learning Problems
			Gifted Children
		Summary and Key Terms
		Boxes 13-1 The Research World: The Homework Debate
		13-2 The Everyday World: The Math Wars
	14 Psychosocial Development in Middle Childhood
		The Developing Self
			Self-Concept Development: Representational Systems
			Self-Esteem
			Emotional Growth and Prosocial Behavior
		The Child in the Family
			Family Atmosphere
			Family Structure
			Sibling Relationships
		The Child in the Peer Group
			Positive and Negative Effects of Peer Relations
			Gender Differences in Peer-Group Relationships
			Popularity
			Friendship
			Aggression and Bullying
		Stress and Resilience
			Stresses of Modern Life
			Coping with Stress: The Resilient Child
		Summary and Key Terms
		Boxes 14-1 The Research World: Pass the Milk: Family Mealtimes and Child Well-Being
		14-2 The Everyday World: Talking with Children about Terrorism and War
Part 6 Adolescence Chapter
	15 Physical Development and Health in Adolescence
		Adolescence: A Developmental Transition
			Adolescence as a Social Construction
			Adolescence: A Time of Opportunities and Risks
		Puberty: The End of Childhood
			How Puberty Begins: Hormonal Changes
			Timing, Signs, and Sequence of Puberty and Sexual Maturity
			Implications of Early and Late Maturation
		The Adolescent Brain
		Physical and Mental Health
			Physical Activity
			Sleep Needs and Problems
			Nutrition and Eating Disorders
			Use and Abuse of Drugs
			Depression
			Death in Adolescence
			Protective Factors: Health in Context
		Summary and Key Terms
		Box 15-1 Around the World: The Globalization of Adolescence
	16 Cognitive Development in Adolescence
		Aspects of Cognitive Maturation
			Piaget’s Stage of Formal Operations
			Elkind: Immature Characteristics of Adolescent Thought
			Language Development
			Changes in Information Processing in Adolescence
		Moral Development
			Kohlberg’s Theory of Moral Reasoning
			Gilligan’s Theory: An Ethic of Care
			Prosocial Behavior and Volunteer Activity
		Educational and Vocational Issues
			Infl uences on School Achievement
			Dropping Out of High School
			Preparing for Higher Education or Vocations
		Summary and Key Terms
		Boxes 16-1 The Research World: Fowler’s Stages of Faith
		16-2 The Everyday World: Multitasking and Gen M
	17 Psychosocial Development in Adolescence
		The Search for Identity
			Erikson: Identity versus Identity Confusion
			Marcia: Identity Status—Crisis and Commitment
			Gender Differences in Identity Formation
			Ethnic Factors in Identity Formation
		Sexuality
			Sexual Orientation and Identity
			Sexual Behavior
			Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs)
			Teenage Pregnancy and Childbearing
		Relationships with Family and Peers
			Is Adolescent Rebellion a Myth?
			Changing Time Use and Changing Relationships
			Adolescents and Parents
			Adolescents and Siblings
			Peers and Friends
		Antisocial Behavior and Juvenile Delinquency
			Becoming a Delinquent: Genetic and Neurological Factors
			Becoming a Delinquent: How Family, Peer, and Community Infl uences Interact
			Long-Term Prospects
			Preventing and Treating Delinquency
		Emerging Adulthood
		Summary and Key Terms
		Boxes 17-1 Around the World: Preventing Teenage Pregnancy
		17-2 The Everyday World: The Youth Violence Epidemic
	Glossary
	Bibliography
	Credits
	Name Index
	Subject Index