A Beginner’s Guide to Image Shape Feature Extraction Techniques

Cover......Page 1
Half Title......Page 2
Title Page......Page 4
Copyright Page......Page 5
Table of Contents......Page 6
Preface......Page 10
Authors......Page 14
 1.1 Introduction......Page 16
  1.1.1 4-Neighborhood......Page 17
  1.1.3 8-Neighborhood......Page 18
  1.1.4 Connectivity......Page 19
  1.1.5 Connected Components......Page 20
 1.2 Importance of Shape Features......Page 21
 1.3 Properties of Efficient Shape Features......Page 23
 1.4 Types of Shape Features......Page 24
   1.4.1.3 Limitations of the Structural Approach......Page 25
  1.4.2 Region-Based Shape Representation and Description Techniques......Page 26
 References......Page 27
 2.1 Complex Coordinate (ComC)......Page 30
 2.2 Centroid Distance Function (CDF)......Page 31
 2.3 Tangent Angle (TA)......Page 32
 2.4 Contour Curvature (CC)......Page 33
 2.5 Area Function (AF)......Page 35
 2.6 Triangle Area Representation (TAR)......Page 36
 2.7 Chord Length Function (CLF)......Page 37
 References......Page 38
 3.1 Center of Gravity (CoG)......Page 40
 3.2 Axis of Minimum Inertia (AMI)......Page 42
 3.3 Average Bending Energy (ABE)......Page 43
  3.4.1 Principal Axes Method......Page 44
  3.4.2 Minimum Bounding Rectangle (MBR)......Page 45
 3.5 Circularity Ratio (CR)......Page 46
  3.6.1 Ellipse Variance (EV)......Page 48
  3.6.2 Ellipticity Based on Moment Invariants......Page 49
  3.7.2 Rectangular Discrepancy Method (RDM)......Page 50
  3.7.3 Robust Smallest Bounding Rectangle (RSBR)......Page 51
 3.8 Convexity......Page 52
 3.9 Solidity......Page 53
 3.11 Profiles......Page 54
 3.12 Hole Area Ratio (HAR)......Page 55
 References......Page 56
4: Polygonal Approximation Shape Features......Page 60
  4.1.1 Distance Threshold Method (DTM)......Page 61
  4.1.3 Polygon Evolution by Vertex Deletion (PEVD)......Page 62
 4.2 Splitting Method (SM)......Page 63
 4.3 Minimum Perimeter Polygon (MPP)......Page 65
  4.3.2 MPP Algorithm......Page 66
 4.4 Dominant Point (DP) Detection......Page 67
 4.5 K-means Method......Page 68
 4.6 Genetic Algorithm (GA)......Page 69
  4.6.1 Encoding......Page 70
  4.6.3 Genetic Operators or Control Parameters......Page 71
  4.7.2 Node Transition Rule......Page 72
  4.7.4 Stopping Criterion......Page 73
 4.8 Tabu Search (TS)......Page 74
  4.8.2 Definition of Moves......Page 75
 4.9 Summary......Page 76
 References......Page 77
 5.1 Adaptive Grid Resolution (AGR)......Page 80
 5.2 Bounding Box (BB)......Page 81
 5.3 Convex Hull (CH)......Page 82
  5.4.1 Basic......Page 83
  5.4.5 Chain Code Histogram (CCH)......Page 84
 5.5 Smooth Curve Decomposition (SCD)......Page 85
 5.6 Beam Angle Statistics (BAS)......Page 86
  5.7.1 Square Model......Page 87
  5.7.2 Polar Model......Page 88
 5.8 Shape Context (SC)......Page 89
 5.9 Chord Distribution (CD)......Page 90
 5.10 Shock Graphs (SG)......Page 91
 5.11 Summary......Page 92
 References......Page 93
 6.1 Contour Moment (CM)......Page 96
 6.2 Geometric Invariant Moment (GIM)......Page 97
 6.3 Zernike Moment (ZM)......Page 98
 6.4 Radial Chebyshev Moment (RCM)......Page 100
 6.5 Legendre Moment (LM)......Page 101
 6.6 Homocentric Polar-Radius Moment (HPRM)......Page 103
 6.7 Orthogonal Fourier-Mellin Moment (OFMM)......Page 104
 6.8 Pseudo-Zernike Moment (PZM)......Page 106
 6.9 Summary......Page 107
 References......Page 108
 7.1 Curvature Scale Space (CSS)......Page 110
  7.1.2 Direct Curvature Scale Space (DCSS)......Page 113
  7.1.3 Affine Resilient Curvature Scale Space (ARCSS)......Page 114
 7.2 Morphological Scale Space (MSS)......Page 115
 7.3 Intersection Points Map (IPM)......Page 118
 References......Page 119
  8.1.1 One-Dimensional Fourier Descriptors......Page 122
  8.1.2 Region-Based Fourier Descriptor......Page 123
 8.2 Wavelet Transform......Page 125
 8.3 Angular Radial Transformation (ART)......Page 129
 8.4 Shape Signature Harmonic Embedding......Page 130
 8.5 R-Transform......Page 131
 8.6 Shapelet Descriptor (SD)......Page 133
 8.7 Summary......Page 134
 References......Page 135
 9.1 Digit Recognition......Page 136
 9.2 Character Recognition......Page 137
 9.3 Fruit Recognition......Page 138
 9.4 Leaf Recognition......Page 140
 9.5 Hand Gesture Recognition......Page 142
 References......Page 144
Index......Page 146