5G and Satellite Spectrum, Standards, and Scale

Machine generated contents note: 1.1.Beginning with the Beach Ball --
1.2.Russia, China, and the United States: Red Rockets and Yellow Rockets --
1.3.Space Regulation and Deregulation --
1.4.The Beach in Bournemouth --
1.5.Satellites for Autonomous Transport Systems and the Internet of Moving Objects --
1.6.Satellites and 5G: A Natural Convergence? --
1.7.The NEWLEOs --
1.8.Regulatory and Competition Policy --
1.9.A Summary of Orbit Options and Performance Comparisons --
1.10.Satellite Technology Innovation: Fractional Beamwidth Antennas --
1.11.FDD Dual-Use, Dual-Band Spectrum with Fractional Beamwidth Antennas --
1.12.Present Launch Plans: Intelsat and Eutelsat --
1.13.People and Politics in the Satellite Industry --
1.14.Third Time Lucky for Hybrid Satellite Terrestrial Networks? --
1.15.Scale and Standards Bandwidth --
1.16.Channel Bandwidths and Passbands: Satellite and 5G Band Plan Implications --
1.17.Impact of NEWLEOs Deployments: The Progressive Pitch Sales Pitch Note continued: 1.18.Flat VSATs: An Alternative to Progressive Pitch as a Mechanism for Cosharing 5G and Satellite Spectrum --
1.19.Coexistence and Competition, Subsidies, and Universal Service Obligations --
1.20.U.S. Competition and Spectral Policy --
1.21.Satellites and Local Area Connectivity --
1.22.Summary --
References --
2.1.Why Spectrum Is Important --
2.2.5G Coexistence with Satellite TV and Other Satellite Systems --
2.3.Radar Frequency Band Designations --
2.4.5G Standards and Spectrum --
2.5.Existing LEO L-Band, Ku-Band, K-Band, and Ka-Band Allocations --
2.6.Benefits of Higher Frequencies/Shorter Wavelengths --
2.7.Spectrum: Why Ka-Band Is Useful --
2.8.The Impact of Standards on 5G Spectrum Requirements --
2.9.Multiplexing, Modulation, and Coexistence --
2.10.Regional Spectrum Policy --
2.11.5G and Satellite at UHF --
2.12.5G in Refarmed Spectrum Note continued: 2.13.The FCC, the ITU, and Sovereign Nation Regulation: Similarities and Differences Between Terrestrial and Nonterrestrial Networks --
2.14.Air to Ground for Public Protection and Disaster Relief: AT&T FirstNet, BT EE, and the Australian NBN as Examples of LTE and Longer-Term 5G Emergency Service Radio Networks --
2.15.GSO and NGSO Terminology --
2.16.Why Country and Regional Differences Are Important for Global Connectivity --
2.17.RF Power and Interference --
2.18.The Importance of Intersatellite Switching --
2.19.Landing Rights --
2.20.Interference Management --
2.21.Spectrum Access Rights --
2.22.NGSO to GSO Interference Mitigation --
2.23.FirstNet and the 2012 Spectrum Act --
2.24.Fiber Access and Wireless Access Rights --
2.25.Fixed Point-to-Point and Point-to-Multipoint Microwave Backhaul --
2.26.Legacy LEO and GSO Operator Spectrum --
2.27.V-Band and W-Band --
2.28.Summary --
References --
3.1.Latency and 5G Standards Note continued: 3.2.Other Factors Influencing Latency --
3.3.Latency, Distance, and Time --
3.4.Other Network Overheads and the OSI Model --
3.5.A Brief History of Time in Mobile Broadband Networks and the Impact on Latency --
3.6.The Cost of Accuracy --
3.7.Time, Latency, and Network Function Virtualization --
3.8.New Radio Specification and Related Latency Issues --
3.9.In-Band Backhaul --
3.10.5G and Satellite Channel Models --
3.10.1.3GPP TR 38.901 --
3.10.2.Line of Sight and Nonline of Sight --
3.10.3.Existing Models --
3.10.4.ITU Rain Models and Satellite Fade Calculations --
3.10.5.Oxygen Resonance Lines and the Very High Throughput V-Band Duplex Passbands --
3.10.6.Beyond Line of Sight --
3.11.Satellite Channel Models and Signal Latency --
3.12.Ongoing Satellite Standards and Related Study Items --
3.13.Propagation Delay and Propagation Loss as a Function of Elevation --
3.14.The Impact of NEWLEO Progressive Pitch on Latency and Link Budgets Note continued: 3.15.Satellites and Subcarrier Spacing --
3.16.Edge Computing, Above-the-Cloud Computing: The Dot.Space Delivery Model --
3.17.Summary --
References --
4.1.Introduction --
4.2.The Old Rocket Men --
4.2.1.Charles C. Clarke and the Role of Science Fiction --
4.2.2.Jules Verne and Herr Oberth --
4.2.3.Herr Oberth and Herr von Braun --
4.2.4.Robert Goddard and War of the Worlds --
4.3.Red Army Rockets --
4.4.The German Rocket Legacy --
4.5.The French and British Legacy --
4.6.Rockets in the Rest of the World --
4.7.Indian Space Research Organization as an Example of New Emerging Nation-State Capabilities --
4.8.Brazilian Rockets and Their Sovereign Satellite Program --
4.9.China Long March Missiles --
4.10.European Rockets --
4.11.Solid Fuel versus Liquid Fuel --
4.12.The Rocket Men and Their Rockets --
4.12.1.A New Generation of Space Entrepreneurs --
4.12.2.SpaceX Reusable Rockets and Other Innovations --
4.12.3.Price Lists and Payloads Note continued: 4.13.Transporting Rockets to the Launch Site and Payload Launch Stresses --
4.13.1.Musk Mission to Mars 2024 --
4.13.2.Mr. Bezos and Blue Origin --
4.13.3.My Rocket Is Bigger Than Your Rocket --
4.13.4.Mr. Branson and Virgin Galactic --
4.13.5.Small Rockets: The Ki-Wi Way --
4.13.6.Micro Spacecraft Launchers --
4.13.7.How Far Away Is Space? --
4.13.8.Near Space versus Deep Space --
4.13.9.How Long Does It Take to Get There? --
4.14.The Impact of Big Rocket Innovation on High-Count LEO Power Budgets, Capacity, Throughput, and Space Constellation Economics --
4.15.The Impact of Launch Reliability on Insurance Cost --
4.16.Summary --
References --
5.1.The Power of Power --
5.2.The Sun as a Source of Power --
5.2.1.Solar Panel Efficiency --
5.2.2.The International Space Station as an Example of Big Solar Panels in LEO --
5.2.3.Satellite Power Requirements --
5.2.4.The Power of Solar Power and What It Is Used For Note continued: 5.3.The Importance of Satellite Power Efficiency --
5.4.Electric Satellites Using Ion Propulsion Systems --
5.5.What Happens When the Sun Stops Shining? --
5.5.1.Thermoelectric Generation Using Radioisotope Power Sources for Communications Satellites? --
5.5.2.Production Costs for Americium and Plutonium --
5.5.3.How Long Do Radio-Isotope Thermoelectric Generators Last? --
5.5.4.Heat-to-Electric Conversion Using Stirling Radioisotope Generators --
5.6.Fission and Fusion --
5.7.Why Uranium Is Cheaper Than Plutonium --
5.8.Back to Russia and the United States and China --
5.9.Regulatory Issues of Launching Radioactive Material into Space --
5.10.Risks Associated with Launching Radioactive Material into Space --
5.11.Uranium in the News --
5.12.Radiation in Space: Photons or Neutrons, the Final Choice? --
5.13.CubeSat Innovation --
5.14.Quantum Computing Using Optical Space-Based Transceivers --
5.15.Smartphones in Space: A Megawatt, Very Mobile Network Note continued: 5.16.Other Power Sources in Space --
5.17.Satellites, Energy Efficiency, and Carbon Footprint --
5.18.Antenna Innovation --
5.19.5G and Satellite: The Nuclear Option --
5.20.Summary --
References --
6.1.The Impact of Antenna Innovation on Energy Costs in Terrestrial and Nonterrestrial Networks --
6.1.1.The Function of Antennas in Noise Limited Networks --
6.1.2.The Function of Antennas in Interference Limited Networks and Satellite and Terrestrial Coexistence --
6.1.3.Four Things Antennas Are Supposed to Do but Cannot Do at the Same Time --
6.2.Signals from Multiple Access Points, Multiple Base Stations, and/or Multiple Satellites --
6.3.Satellite Channel Models and Antennas: Standards as a Starting Point --
6.4.Back to Earth: 5G Antenna Trends --
6.4.1.5G Backhaul --
6.4.2.Self-Backhauling/In-Band Backhauling in 5G --
6.5.Innovation in Terrestrial 5G and Nonterrestrial Network Antennas --
6.5.1.Steerable Mechanical Antennas Note continued: 6.5.2.Electrically Steerable Antennas Using Conventional Components and Materials --
6.5.3.Electrically Steerable Antennas Using Metamaterials --
6.5.4.Metamaterial Antennas Combined with Electromagnetic Bandgap Material --
6.5.5.Active Conformal and Flat and Almost Flat Antennas --
6.5.6.Active and Passive Conformal Antennas --
6.5.7.Active Electronically Steered Array Antennas for Military Radar, SATCOM, and 5G Terrestrial and 5G Backhaul Applications --
6.6.4G and 5G Terrestrial AESA Systems: Flexible MIMO --
6.6.1.Automotive AESA --
6.6.2.Some Nokia Examples of 5G Flexible MIMO Antenna Arrays --
6.7.Beam Frequency Separation --
6.8.Plasma Antennas --
6.9.Flat VSATs and Their Role in LEO, MEO, and GEO Interference Mitigation --
6.10.Scaling Flat VSATs by Wavelength and Size --
6.11.Can Flat VSATs Be Produced at Low Cost? --
6.12.The 28-GHz VSAT Smartphone --
6.13.Multiband Flat and Conformal VSATs --
6.14.What Physical Layer Should Satellites Use? Note continued: 6.15.Band-Sharing 5G with High Throughput Gigabit Satellites at 12 GHz and 28 GHz, with Very High Throughput Terabit Satellites at 40/50 GHz and Superhigh Throughput Petabit Satellites in E-Band --
6.16.Flat VSATs and Wireless Wearables? --
6.17.The Role of Flat VSATs: Solving the Ground Gateway Interference Problem and Cost Problem --
6.18.Interconstellation Switching: GSO Satellites as the Mother Ship and the GSO as a Space-Based Server --
6.19.Upwardly Mobile Interconstellation Switching as a Way of Reducing the Number and Cost of Earth Stations --
6.20.Flat VSATs on Satellites --
6.21.Summary --
References --
7.1.Technical and Commercial Factors Determining and Driving Constellation Innovation --
7.2.The Point of Constellation Innovation --
7.3.A Reminder of the Constellation Options --
7.4.NEWLEGACYLEO --
7.5.NEWLEGACYGSO --
7.6.NEWLEO --
7.7.NEWLEGACYLEO --
7.7.1.Iridium --
7.7.2.Globalstar Note continued: 7.7.3.Device Availability for Hybrid Cellular/Satellite Constellations --
7.8.NEWLEO Angular Power Separation --
7.9.OneWeb Coexistence --
7.9.1.OneWeb Earth Stations --
7.9.2.OneWeb Progressive Pitch --
7.9.3.OneWeb Interference Models --
7.9.4.OneWeb Coexistence with GSO Systems --
7.10.Angular Power Separation and Active Electronically Steerable Antenna Arrays --
7.11.Interference Calculations and Other Arguments --
7.12.Asia Broadcast Satellite Case Study --
7.13.The Answer: Mixed Constellations Including 5G --
7.14.Up Before Down Constellations: Hubble Telescope and International Space Station as Prior Examples --
7.15.TRDS Protection Ratios --
7.16.Ground-Based Antenna Innovation (Passive and Active Flat VSATs) as the Enabler --
7.17.GSO HTS and VHTS Constellation Innovation --
7.18.The Global GSOs --
7.19.Other Global GSOs --
7.20.The Regional SATs --
7.21.The Sovereign SATs --
7.22.Very High Throughput Constellations --
7.23.Autonomous CubeSats Note continued: 7.24.Space-Sensing Constellations: Square Satellites That Look Around --
7.25.GNSS Satellites --
7.26.Quazi Zenith Constellations --
7.27.Orbital Debris --
7.28.Subspace High Altitude Platforms --
7.29.Lighter-Than-Air Platforms --
7.30.Summary --
References --
8.1.Aviation Manufacturing: A Fairy Tale --
8.2.Satellite Manufacturing: A Similar Story? --
8.3.The Automotive Industry as a Source of Satellite Manufacturing Innovation --
8.3.1.Mr. Ford and Mr. Musk --
8.3.2.Production Innovation for 5G Smartphones: Why Scale Is Important for Performance --
8.3.3.Materials and Manufacturing Innovation in the 5G Supply Chain --
8.3.4.Materials and Manufacturing Innovation in the Rocket Industry --
8.3.5.Meanwhile, Back at the Battery Farm --
8.3.6.Automotive Enterprise Value: Mr. Musk as a Modern Marconi --
8.4.Automotive Radar Supply Chain as a Source of Satellite and 5G Antenna Manufacturing Innovation --
8.5.Supply Chain Comparisons Note continued: 8.6.Why Scale Is Important --
8.7.Production and Manufacturing Challenges of Centimeter-Band and Millimeter-Band Smartphones --
8.8.Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, or Subgigahertz IoT Connectivity as an Option --
8.9.Access Points and Base Station Hardware --
8.10.Server and Router Hardware Manufacturing Innovation --
8.11.Summary --
References --
9.1.Introduction --
9.2.The Problem That the Satellite Industry Needs to Solve: A Lack of Scale --
9.3.The Double Dozen Rule --
9.4.National, Regional, and Global Operator and National, Regional, or Global Scale --
9.5.The Impact of Standards on Commercial Innovation --
9.6.Do Mobile Operators Have Any Problems They Need Solving? --
9.6.1.Backhaul Costs, Public Safety, and Deep Rural and Desert Coverage --
9.6.2.The Deep Rural Network, Device Cost Issue, and Satellite Solution --
9.6.3.Low-Cost IoT: Can Satellite Deliver? --
9.7.The CondoSat as an Agency of Change Note continued: 9.8.Terrestrial Trash Bin Wi-Fi: Competition or a New Target Market --
9.9.Energy and Carbon Targets: Can Satellite Deliver? --
9.10.Above the Cloud Computing: Alibaba and Tencent as the Future? --
9.11.Trains, Boats, and Planes --
9.12.Mobile Automotive Mobile Networks --
9.13.Satellite and 802.11p Automotive V2V and V2X --
9.14.Subgigahertz CubeSat as an Alternative Delivery Option Using Sub- 1-GHz Spectrum --
9.15.Space-Based White Space --
9.16.Space and HAPS-Based Wi-Fi --
9.17.The Smartphone as the Default Common Denominator for B2B and Consumer Mass Markets --
9.18.The 5G Smartphone as the Gateway to Satellite Industry Consumer Market Scale --
9.19.Wireless Wearables --
9.20.Back to the Beach in Bournemouth --
9.21.Getting 28-GHz Satellite Connectivity into 5G Smart Phones: The Practicalities --
9.22.Getting C-Band (and Extended C-Band), S-Band, L-Band, and Subgigahertz Satellite Connectivity into Smartphones Note continued: 9.23.Standards as a Critical Enabler --
References --
10.1.Standards as a Barrier to 5G Satellite Smartphones --
10.2.Standards as an Enabler of 5G Satellite Smartphones --
10.3.The Use and Abuse of the Standards Process: Internal Tension Points --
10.4.5G and Satellite 3GPP Release 15 Work Items --
10.5.Parallel Guided Media Standards --
10.6.5G, Satellite, and Fixed Wireless Access --
10.7.5G, Satellite, and C-Band Satellite TV Standards --
10.8.5G and Satellite Integration with the Wi-Fi Standards Process --
10.8.1.SAT-FI --
10.8.2.High Data Rate Wi-Fi, Cat 18 and Cat 19 LTE, and 50X 5G --
10.8.3.LTE and Wi-Fi Link Aggregation --
10.9.5G, Satellite, and Bluetooth --
10.10.How Satellites Can Help Meet Performance Targets Specified in the 5G Standards Documents --
10.10.1.eMBB and Satellite --
10.10.2.Satellites and 5G Spectral Efficiency --
10.10.3.Satellites and 5G Deep Rural IoT --
10.10.4.Satellites and Highly Mobile Users and IoT Devices Note continued: 10.10.5.Satellites and Large Cell Low Mobility Cells --
10.10.6.Satellites and Massive Machine-Type Communications: VHTS Flat VSATs --
10.10.7.Satellites and Ultrareliable Low-Latency Communication --
10.10.8.Energy Efficiency and Carbon Footprint --
10.10.9.5G and Satellite Beam Forming --
10.11.Who Owns the Standards\' Value? --
10.12.Satellites and Automotive Connectivity --
10.13.The Satellite Industry and Automotive Radar --
10.14.Satellites and 5G Data Density --
10.15.Satellite and 5G Standards: Modulation, Coding, and Coexistence --
10.16.CATS and SATs --
10.17.Satellite Backhaul for 5G --
10.18.Network Interface Standards and RF Over Fiber --
10.19.Standards and Spectrum: The HTS, VHTS, and S-VHTS Satellite Service Offer --
10.20.5G and Satellite Spectrum Cosharing --
10.21.Implications of 5G and Satellite Band-Sharing on Regulatory and Competition Policy --
10.22.Physical Layer Compatibility --
10.23.Passive Flat VSAT Standards Note continued: 10.24.Active Flat VSAT Standards --
10.25.In-Band 5G Backhaul and Satellite --
10.26.ESIM and BSIM Standards: Model T Connectivity --
10.27.Specifying Network Power Efficiency and Carbon Footprints --
10.28.CAT SAT Smartphone and Wearable SAT Standards: Tencent Telefonica and Other Unexpected Outcomes --
10.29.Summary --
References --
11.1.A Financial Overview of the Telecom Industry and Its Associated Supply Chain --
11.2.Lessons to Be Learned from Past Financial Failures: Chapter 11 as a Revolving Door --
11.3.The Size of the Telecoms Industry --
11.4.The SATs and Other Entities --
11.5.The Satellite Supply Chain --
11.6.Financial Comparisons --
11.7.The GAFASATs and Automotive Majors --
11.8.The Huawei Factor --
11.9.The Defense Sector Supply Chain --
11.10.The Satellite Supply Chain --
11.10.The LEOs --
11.10.Summary --
References --
12.1.Introduction --
12.2.Spectrum Touch Points and Tension Points Note continued: 12.3.The Impact of Antenna Innovation on Spectrum Cosharing in Ku-Band, K-Band, and Ka-Band --
12.3.1.Active Electronically Steerable Array Antennas (Active Flat VSATs) --
12.3.2.Passive Fixed Beamwidth Flat or Conformal Antennas (Passive Flat VSATs) --
12.4.What This Means for the 26 GHz versus 28 GHz Debate --
12.5.The Quid Pro Quo: Satellite in the Sub-3.8-GHz 5G Refarming Bands --
12.6.Surely the Satellite Link Budget Is Insufficient for Most Terrestrial Applications? --
12.7.The Satellite Vertical Model --
12.8.Vertical Coverage for Vertical Markets --
12.9.The Terrestrial Horizontal Mode: Horizontal Coverage for Horizontal Markets --
12.10.Horizontal versus Vertical Value --
12.11.Summary: Around the World in 80 Ways --
References.