5G and Beyond Wireless Systems: PHY Layer Perspective

Preface
Contents
Editors and Contributors
Abbreviations
1 MIMO Antennas: A 5G Communication Perspective
	1.1 Introduction
	1.2 Single Element Versus Multiple Antenna System
	1.3 MIMO Antenna System
		1.3.1 MIMO Antenna Design Methodology:
		1.3.2 Performance Enhancement of MIMO Systems
	1.4 Comparative Study of SISO, MIMO and Massive MIMO System
	1.5 mm-Wave MIMO
	1.6 Antenna Array Beamforming:
	1.7 Conclusion
	References
2 Pilot Contamination in Massive MIMO Communications
	2.1 Introduction
	2.2 System Model
	2.3 The Pilot Scheduling Algorithms
		2.3.1 Greedy Pilot Scheduling Method
		2.3.2 Tabu Search Pilot Scheduling Method
		2.3.3 The Sorting-Based Scheme
		2.3.4 The Smart Pilot Assignment (SPA) Scheme
		2.3.5 The Water-filling Based Pilot Assignment Scheme
	2.4 Results and Discussions
		2.4.1 Greedy and TS Scheme
		2.4.2 Sorting-Based Scheme
		2.4.3 The SPA scheme and Water-filling Pilot Allocation
	2.5 Conclusion
	References
3 Detection Techniques in Uplink Massive MIMO Systems
	3.1 Introduction
		3.1.1 Literature Overview and Challenges in Massive MIMO Detection
	3.2 System Model and Problem Formulation
		3.2.1 Mathematical Model
		3.2.2 Problem Formulation
	3.3 Massive MIMO Detection Techniques
		3.3.1 Approximate Matrix Inversion Methods
		3.3.2 Iterative Methods
	3.4 Simulation Results and Discussions
		3.4.1 Bit Error Rate Comparison
		3.4.2 Computational Complexity
	3.5 Conclusion and Future Scope
	References
4 Index Modulation Techniques for 5G and Beyond Wireless Systems
	4.1 Introduction
	4.2 System Model
		4.2.1 Maximum-Likelihood Detection
	4.3 Types of Index Modulation
		4.3.1 Spatial Modulation
		4.3.2 Generalized Spatial Modulation
		4.3.3 Space Shift Keying and Generalized Space Shift Keying
		4.3.4 Media-Based Modulation
	4.4 Multi-dimensional Index Modulation
		4.4.1 Space-Time IM
		4.4.2 Spatial Modulated Media-Based Modulation
	4.5 Conclusion
	References
5 Sparse Code and Hybrid Multiple Access Techniques
	5.1 Introduction of NOMA
	5.2 SCMA System Model
		5.2.1 Downlink SCMA System
		5.2.2 Design and Optimization of SCMA Codebooks
		5.2.3 Symbol Detection in SCMA
		5.2.4 Example
		5.2.5 Numerical Results and Discussions
	5.3 Hybrid Multiple Access-Based System Design
		5.3.1 Future Research Direction
	References
6 Implementation of a Non-orthogonal Multiple Access Scheme Under Practical Impairments
	6.1 Introduction
	6.2 System Model
	6.3 System Performance Analysis: Outage Performance of NOMA Users\' Signals
		6.3.1 Outage Probability of xp
		6.3.2 Outage Probability of xn
		6.3.3 Asymptotic Expressions of Outage Behavior in OMA in NOMA
		6.3.4 Throughput Analysis
	6.4 Outage Performance Analysis of OMA Users\' Signals
		6.4.1 Outage Probability of xp in OMA
		6.4.2 Outage Probability of xn
		6.4.3 Asymptotic Expressions of Outage Behavior in OMA
	6.5 Numerical Results
	6.6 Conclusion
	References
7 mmWave-Based 5G and Beyond Cellular Networks
	7.1 Introduction
	7.2 Heterogeneous Deployment
		7.2.1 Stochastic Geometry-Based Heterogeneous Cellular Network Modeling
	7.3 MmWave Bands for 5G and Beyond Networks
		7.3.1 mmWave Signals Transmission Characteristics
	7.4 System Design Considerations and Implications
	7.5 Analysis of Cognitive-Based Hybrid mmWave/UHF Cellular Network
		7.5.1 System Model
		7.5.2 CPBS Network Activity Model
		7.5.3 Power Consumption Model
		7.5.4 Outage Analysis for CPBS Tier
		7.5.5 Total Outage Probability Analysis for CHCN
		7.5.6 Area Spectral Efficiency and Energy Efficiency Analysis
		7.5.7 Results and Discussions
	7.6 Future Research Directions
	7.7 Conclusion
	References
8 Multi-user Full-Duplex Two-Way Relaying Systems with User Mobility
	8.1 Introduction
	8.2 Practical Full-Duplex
		8.2.1 Key Challenge
		8.2.2 Opportunities
	8.3 Multi-user Full-Duplex Relaying
		8.3.1 Literature Review
		8.3.2 Work Done and Results
	8.4 Conclusion and Future Directions
	References
9 PAPR Reduction of Filter Bank Techniques for 5G Communication Systems
	9.1 Introduction
	9.2 Key Technology and Components
	9.3 5G Technology Waveforms
		9.3.1 Filter Bank Multicarrier (FBMC)
		9.3.2 Universal Filtered Multicarrier (UFMC)
		9.3.3 Generalized Frequency Division Multiplexing (GFDM)
		9.3.4 Biorthogonal Frequency-Division Multiplexing (BFDM)
	9.4 PAPR and Reduction Techniques
		9.4.1 Distortion Techniques
		9.4.2 Distortion-Less Techniques
		9.4.3 Techniques with Predistortion
		9.4.4 Techniques with DFT Spreading
	9.5 Results Analysis and Discussion
	9.6 Conclusion
	References
10 Optimization of Resources to Minimize Power Dissipation in 5G Wireless Networks
	10.1 Introduction and Background
	10.2 System Assumptions
		10.2.1 Network Topology
		10.2.2 Channel Model
		10.2.3 Power Dissipation in a BS
	10.3 Problem Formulation and Optimization  of Transmit Power
		10.3.1 Coverage Probability of an UE
		10.3.2 Coverage Probability of the Farthest UE
		10.3.3 Optimization Formulation
		10.3.4 Optimization of Transmit Power
	10.4 Deployment Strategy for a Single BS
		10.4.1 For Large Number of UEs
		10.4.2 For Moderate Number of UEs
	10.5 Deployment Strategy for Multiple BSs
		10.5.1 For Large Nu
		10.5.2 For Moderate Nu
	10.6 Joint Optimization
		10.6.1 Optimization over the Square Field
		10.6.2 Optimization over the Circular Field
	10.7 Numerical Results and Discussions
	10.8 Summary
	References
11 Spectrum Sensing for Cognitive Radio Networks
	11.1 Introduction
	11.2 Mathematical Model
	11.3 Spectrum Sensing Techniques for White Gaussian Noise
		11.3.1 Blind Sensing Algorithms
		11.3.2 Non-Blind Spectrum Sensing Algorithms
	11.4 Spectrum Sensing Algorithms for Colored Gaussian Noise
		11.4.1 Standard Condition Number (SCN)
		11.4.2 Maximum Eigenvalue
		11.4.3 LogDet Covariance
	11.5 Cooperative Sensing
		11.5.1 Centralized Sensing
		11.5.2 Distributed Sensing
		11.5.3 External Sensing
	11.6 Results and Discussion
	11.7 Experimental Results
	11.8 Cognitive Radio with Full-Duplex
	11.9 Conclusion
	References
12 Cooperative Spectrum Sensing in Energy Harvesting Cognitive Radio Networks Under Diverse Distribution Models
	12.1 Introduction
		12.1.1 Literature Review
		12.1.2 Organization of the Chapter
	12.2 System Model
		12.2.1 Activity Model of PU
	12.3 Mathematical Modeling and Analysis of the Proposed System
		12.3.1 Global Prediction
		12.3.2 Global Sensing
		12.3.3 Combined Final Decision About PU Status
		12.3.4 Enhancing Spectrum Reusability
		12.3.5 Energy Harvesting
		12.3.6 Cost of Energy Harvesting
		12.3.7 Throughput of CRN
	12.4 Results and Discussions
	12.5 Conclusion
	References
13 Impact of Buffer Size on Proactive Spectrum Handoff Delay in Cognitive Radio Networks
	13.1 Introduction
	13.2 System Model
	13.3 CHD for Non-switching, Switching and Random Switching Proactive SH Schemes
		13.3.1 Non-switching SH
		13.3.2 Switching Spectrum Handoff
		13.3.3 Random Spectrum Handoff
	13.4 Results and Discussion
	13.5 Conclusion
	References
14 Overlay Multi-user Satellite-Terrestrial Networks for IoT in the Presence of Interference
	14.1 Introduction
		14.1.1 Prior Works
		14.1.2 Chapter Organization
	14.2 System Description
		14.2.1 System Model
		14.2.2 Propagation Model
		14.2.3 Multi-user Selection Criterion for Primary Terrestrial Receivers
		14.2.4 Channel Models
		14.2.5 Statistical Characterizations
	14.3 Outage Performance of Satellite Network
		14.3.1 Case 1
		14.3.2 Case 2
	14.4 Outage Performance of IoT Network
		14.4.1 Case 1
		14.4.2 Case 2
	14.5 Adaptive Power Splitting Factor
	14.6 Numerical and Simulation Results
	14.7 Summary and Future Extensions
	References
15 Resource Allocation in D2D Communications
	15.1 Introduction
	15.2 Challenges in Resource Allocation for D2D Communication
	15.3 Classification of Existing Schemes for D2D Communication
		15.3.1 Sum-Throughput Maximization
		15.3.2 Spectral Efficiency Maximization
		15.3.3 Energy Efficiency Maximization
		15.3.4 Energy Efficiency and Spectral Efficiency Trade-Off
		15.3.5 Delay Minimization
	15.4 Resource Allocation for Sum-Throughput Maximization
		15.4.1 System Model
		15.4.2 Problem Formulation
		15.4.3 Outage Probability Analysis
		15.4.4 Channel Allocation Algorithm
		15.4.5 Power Allocation
	15.5 Conclusion and Future Works
	References
16 V2X Communications: Recent Advancements and Performance Analysis
	16.1 Introduction
		16.1.1 Need for Vehicular Communication
		16.1.2 Challenges in Vehicular Communications
	16.2 Vehicle-to-Vehicle (V2V) Communications
		16.2.1 Prior Arts on V2V Communications
		16.2.2 Future Research Problems on V2V Communications
	16.3 Vehicle-to-Infrastructure (V2I) Communications
		16.3.1 Prior Arts on V2I Communications
		16.3.2 Research Directions on V2I Communications
	16.4 Vehicle-to-Pedestrian (V2P) Communication
		16.4.1 Recent Research on V2P Communications
		16.4.2 Research Directions on V2P Communications
	16.5 Self-driving Vehicles
		16.5.1 Challenges for SDV
	16.6 Vehicle-to-Network (V2N) Communications
		16.6.1 Modeling of Node\'s Mobility
		16.6.2 End-to-End Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR)
		16.6.3 Performance Analysis
		16.6.4 Numerical Results
	16.7 Conclusion
	References
17 Physical Layer Security in Cooperative Vehicular Relay Networks
	17.1 Introduction
		17.1.1 Literature Review
		17.1.2 Organization of the Chapter
	17.2 System and Channel Models
	17.3 Performance Analysis
		17.3.1 Preliminaries
		17.3.2 Secrecy Outage Probability (SOP)
		17.3.3 Asymptotic SOP
		17.3.4 Probability of Non-zero Secrecy Capacity
		17.3.5 Intercept Probability
		17.3.6 Ergodic Secrecy Capacity (ESC)
	17.4 Numerical Results and Discussions
	17.5 Conclusions
	References
18 Machine Learning in 5G Wireless Networks
	18.1 Introduction
	18.2 Machine Learning Basics
	18.3 Machine Learning in 5G
		18.3.1 Network-Level Data
		18.3.2 User-Level Data
		18.3.3 Network Control
		18.3.4 Network Security
	18.4 Conclusion
	References