40 Years of China's War on Poverty

Foreword
Preface
Messages from the Translators
Contents
List of Figures
List of Tables
1 The Chinese Road: A Brilliant Chapter in the Cause of Human Anti-Poverty
	1 Poverty: A Huge Problem Hindering Social Development
		1.1 The Implications and Standards of Poverty
		1.2 The Harm of Poverty
		1.3 The Importance of Anti-Poverty
			1.3.1 Case 1: The State of Child Survival in the World
			1.3.2 Urban Children—Desperate Need of a Friendly Environment
			1.3.3 Children in Developed Countries—Unequal Distribution of Educational Resources
			1.3.4 Children in Slums—More Need for Free and Compulsory Education
			1.3.5 Children in War—The Weakest of the Weak
	2 China—The Main Force in Promoting World Anti-Poverty
		2.1 Poverty in the World
		2.2 Anti-Poverty Strategies of World Organizations and Governments
		2.3 Obstacles in China’s Poverty Reduction
		2.4 Comparison of Anti-Poverty Progress Between China and Other Countries
		2.5 China's Plan for Global Poverty Control
	3 Forty Years of Anti-Poverty in China: Achievements of Practicing Socialism with Chinese Characteristics
		3.1 The Transformation of Poverty in China
		3.2 Externalizations of Anti-Poverty Outcomes
		3.3 Poverty Alleviation Policies Have Been Continuously Improved
		3.4 Continue China's Anti-Poverty Cause to the End
	References
2 The Evolution and Historical Mission of Anti-poverty in China
	1 1978–1985: The Stage of Poverty Alleviation Driven D by Institutional Reform
		1.1 China's Exploration and Practice in the Process of Eradicating Poverty from 1978 to 1985
			1.1.1 Ensuring the Direct Entitlement of the Poor to the Resources Necessary to Eradicate Poverty
			1.1.2 Ensuring the Trade Entitlement of Farm Households to Resources to Shake off Poverty
		1.2 The Institutional Performance in the Stage of Anti-Poverty Pushed by Institutional Reform
		1.3 What’s Undone in the Institutional Anti-Poverty Reform and the Impetus for Further Reform
	2 1986–2000: The Stage of Large-Scale Development-Driven Poverty Alleviation
		2.1 China's Exploration and Practice in the Process of Getting Rid of Poverty from 1986 to 2000
			2.1.1 Policy Guarantee
			2.1.2 Funding
		2.2 Institutional Performance in the Development-Driven Poverty Alleviation Stage
		2.3 The Unaccomplished Matters of Development-Driven Poverty Alleviation and the Impetus for Further Reform
	3 2001–2012: The Stage of Poverty Alleviation at Village Level
		3.1 China's Exploration and Practice in the Process of Poverty Eradication in 2001–2012
			3.1.1 Focusing on People Living Below the Poverty Line
			3.1.2 Optimizing the Means of Poverty Reduction
			3.1.3 Increasing the Efficiency of Funds for Poverty Alleviation
			3.1.4 The Diversified Players Participating in Poverty Alleviation
		3.2 Institutional Performance of Village-Level Poverty Alleviation
		3.3 What’s Undone in the Village-Based Anti-Poverty and the Impetus for Further Reform
	4 2013-Present: Targeted Poverty Alleviation Stage
	References
3 China’s Anti-poverty: Explorations Since the 18th CPC National Congress
	1 The Role of Agricultural Development in Anti-poverty
		1.1 Re-positioning the Fundamental Role of Agriculture
			1.1.1 Agricultural Development in General Secretary Xi Jinping’s vision
			1.1.2 The Fundamental Position of Agriculture in the New Era
		1.2 Basic Support for Getting Rid of Poverty: Agricultural Innovation and Development
		1.3 Exploring the “Separation of Three Rights” on Rural Land Ownership, Contracting Right and Management Right Under the Prerequisite of Adhering to and Improving the Basic Rural Management System
			1.3.1 Promoting Agricultural Supply-Side Structural Reforms and Building Agricultural Modernization Comprehensively
			1.3.2 Adhering to Green Development and Turning Clear Water and Green Mountains into Valuable Assets That Can Help People to End Poverty and Become Wealthy
			1.3.3 Leading Farmers Out of Poverty by Gaining Additional Income and Pushing Forward the Implementation of Targeted Poverty Alleviation
		1.4 Developing Agriculture Is an Important Approach for Poverty Eradication
			1.4.1 Agricultural Growth Is Crucial to Rural Poverty Eradication
			1.4.2 The Internal Relationship Between Developing Agriculture and Shaking off Poverty
			1.4.3 Contribution of Agricultural Development to Economic Growth
	2 Problems of Poverty in the Process of Urbanization
		2.1 Urbanization and Poverty
			2.1.1 China's Unique Urbanization Model
			2.1.2 The Relationship Between Urbanization and Poverty
			2.1.3 New Poverty Problems Posed by Urbanization
		2.2 The New Poor People in Cities and Towns
			2.2.1 Changing Trends of the New Poor
			2.2.2 The Scale and Distribution of Migrant Children and Left-Behind Children
		2.3 Poverty Alleviation Strategies for the New Poor Population
			2.3.1 Poverty Alleviation Through Social Insurance
			2.3.2 Integration of Urban and Rural Education
	3 Regional Development Strategy and Poverty Reduction
		3.1 Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Coordinated Development Strategy
			3.1.1 The Relatively Underdeveloped Economy in the Poverty-Stricken Belt Around Beijing and Tianjin
			3.1.2 Reasons for the Formation of the Poverty Belt Around Beijing and Tianjin
			3.1.3 Approaches to Poverty Reduction Under the Background of Coordinated Development of Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Region
		3.2 Green Rise of Yangtze River Economic Belt
			3.2.1 The Yangtze River Economic Belt: Essential Support for China's Economic Development
			3.2.2 Poverty: A Critical Challenge to the Yangtze River Economic Belt
			3.2.3 Developing Agriculture Is a Key Measure to Shake off Poverty
			3.2.4 Comprehensive Multi-dimensional Transportation Corridor: A Guarantee for Poverty Alleviation as Scheduled
	4 Theoretical Innovation of Poverty Alleviation and Development: Targeted Poverty Alleviation
		4.1 Difficulties and Achievements in Poverty Alleviation and Development Since the 18th CPC National Congress
			4.1.1 Lifting the Rural Poor Out of Poverty: The Most Difficult Task for Achieving a Moderately Prosperous Society in All Respects
			4.1.2 Remarkable Effect of Poverty Alleviation and Development Work After the 18th CPC National Congress
			4.1.3 Daunting Challenges in Poverty Alleviation Efforts Despite the Outstanding Achievements
		4.2 Targeted Poverty Alleviation: The Basic Strategy to Win the Battle Against Poverty Alleviation
	References
4 China’s Anti-Poverty Experience: Economic Growth and Regional Equilibrium
	1 China’s Economic Growth and Anti-Poverty Achievements
		1.1 The Contribution of China’s Economic Growth to Anti-Poverty
			1.1.1 A Review of the Relevant Theories of China’s Economic Take-Off
			1.1.2 China's Main Achievements in Anti-Poverty
			1.1.3 Rural Poverty Alleviation and Development are Advancing Steadily
		1.2 Rebalancing the Relationship Between Economic Growth and Anti-Poverty
	2 Regional Development Imbalance is a New Issue for Poverty Alleviation and Development
		2.1 The Main Characteristics of China’s Regional Development Imbalance
			2.1.1 The Development Imbalance Among the Eastern, Central and Western Regions
			2.1.2 Developed and Underdeveloped Areas in the Province
			2.1.3 Development Imbalance Between Urban and Rural Areas
		2.2 The Internal Reasons for the Imbalance of China’s Regional Development
			2.2.1 Natural Factors Have Caused Differences in Regional Economic Strength
			2.2.2 Institutional Factors Have Partially Exacerbated the Development Imbalance Between Regions
		2.3 A Correct View of China’s Regional Development Imbalance During the Transition Period
			2.3.1 China’s Rapid Development is Accompanied by the Gradual Expansion of Regional Gaps
			2.3.2 Late-Developing Regions are at a Disadvantage in Economic Growth
			2.3.3 Regional Imbalance in a Certain Stage is an Objective Law of Economic Development
			2.3.4 The State Uses a Series of Policy Tools to Balance Regional Development
	3 Strategic Adjustment to Achieve Balanced Regional Development and Get Rid of Poverty
		3.1 The Transfer Payment System Promotes Balanced Regional Development and Reduces Poverty
			3.1.1 Transfer Payments from the Central Government to Local Governments
			3.1.2 Fixed-Point Assistance and Policy Support Between Regions
		3.2 Targeted Poverty Alleviation to Achieve a Comprehensive Well-Off Strategic Goal
	4 Case Analysis
		4.1 Guizhou: Endogenous Power and Policy Support
		4.2 Wenzhou: Brilliant Achievements in Anti-Poverty
	5 Summary and Outlook
	References
5 China’s Experience in Anti-Poverty: Industrial Development and Ecological Protection
	1 Poverty Alleviation by Industry: New Strategy for Targeted Poverty Alleviation
		1.1 The Concept of Industrial Poverty Alleviation and its Subject of Implementation
		1.2 Main Forms of Poverty Alleviation by Industry
			1.2.1 Developing Leisure Agriculture
			1.2.2 Developing Rural Tourism
			1.2.3 Poverty Alleviation by Developing E-Commerce
		1.3 The Main Obstacles in Industrial Poverty Alleviation
			1.3.1 Lack of Start-Up Capital
			1.3.2 Lack of Market Information
			1.3.3 Lack of Technology and Skills
			1.3.4 Lack of Labor Force
			1.3.5 Lack of Enterprising Spirit
			1.3.6 The Lack of Supporting Conditions
	2 Ecological Protection: New Considerations on the Battle Against Poverty
		2.1 The Concept and Connotation of Ecological Poverty Alleviation
		2.2 The Mechanism Ecological Poverty Alleviation
			2.2.1 The Relationship Between Poverty and Ecological Environment
			2.2.2 The Mechanism of Ecological Poverty Alleviation
		2.3 Path Selection for Ecological Poverty Alleviation
			2.3.1 Implementing Ecological Compensation Mechanisms
			2.3.2 Implementing the Relocation of Ecological Migrants
		2.4 Obstacles to Promote Ecological Poverty Alleviation in China
			2.4.1 Economic Obstacles
			2.4.2 Obstacles Between the Institutional Top-Level Design and Policy Interfaces at Different Levels
			2.4.3 Ideological Obstacles
		2.5 The Practical Value of Ecological Poverty Alleviation
			2.5.1 Easing Ecological Pressure and Removing the Constraints of Economic Development
			2.5.2 Promoting the Development of Ecological Industries and Breaking the Ecological Bottleneck of Poverty Alleviation and Getting Rich.
			2.5.3 Generating Endogenous Impetus to Promote Green and Sustainable Development in Poor Areas
	References
6 China’s Experience in Combating Poverty: Culture, Education, and Guarantee Mechanisms
	1 Education is the Key to Poverty Alleviation
		1.1 Poverty Alleviation Through Education and the Precise Identification of Its Targets
			1.1.1 The Connotation of Poverty Alleviation Through Education
			1.1.2 Accurate Identification of Poverty Alleviation Targets
		1.2 A Great Potential for Poverty Alleviation Through Education
			1.2.1 The Role of Education in Poverty Alleviation
			1.2.2 The Significance of Poverty Alleviation Through Education
			1.2.3 The Pursuit of the Value of Poverty Alleviation Through Education
		1.3 Problems and Paths of Poverty Alleviation Through Education
			1.3.1 The Implementation Path of Poverty Alleviation Through Education
			1.3.2 Problems of Poverty Alleviation Through Education
			1.3.3 Countermeasure Suggestions for Poverty Alleviation Through Education
	2 Column 1 Fighting Orphans: Life Should not Be Only a Dilemma to Choose
	3 Giving Full Play to the Role of Social Security Guarantee
		3.1 Accurately Grasping the Purpose of Rural Social Security
			3.1.1 The Connotation of Social Security Guarantee
			3.1.2 Rural Social Security System and its Identification
			3.1.3 The Identification of Rural Low-Income People
			3.1.4 The Setting of the Minimum Living Standard in Rural Areas
		3.2 Effectively Enhancing the Ability of Social Security Guarantee in Poverty Alleviation
			3.2.1 Specific Measures to Enhance the Ability of Social Security Guarantee in Poverty Alleviation
			3.2.2 The Impact of Social Security Guarantee
		3.3 Strengthening the Effective Interface Between the Rural Subsistence Allowance System and Poverty Alleviation and Development
			3.3.1 The Definition of the Target of the Subsistence Allowance and Poverty Alleviation and Development
			3.3.2 The Problem of Subsistence Allowance in Poverty Alleviation and Development
			3.3.3 The Way to Effectively Connect the Subsistence Allowances System with Poverty Alleviation and Development
	4 Case Studies
		4.1 Case 1: The Practice of Cultivating New Vocational Farmers Through School-Government Linkage and Education-Industry Linkage: A Case Study of Taicang City, Jiangsu Province as an Example
			4.1.1 Background of the Study
			4.1.2 Current Situation of Agriculture in Taicang City, Jiangsu Province
			4.1.3 Specific Policies
			4.1.4 Innovations
			4.1.5 Effect
		4.2 Case 2: Practice of Social Security and Assistance for People with Disabilities in Rural Areas: A Case Study of Beijing
			4.2.1 The Basic Situation of Disabled People in Rural Areas in Beijing
			4.2.2 Analysis of the Assistance Model for Disabled People in Rural Areas in Beijing
			4.2.3 Suggestions for Countermeasures for the Development of the Cause of Disabled People in Rural Areas in Beijing
	References
Postscript
References