3G, HSPA and FDD versus TDD Networking: Smart Antennas and Adaptive Modulation, Second Edition

3G, HSPA and FDD versus TDD Networking......Page 5
Contents......Page 7
About the Authors......Page 17
Other Wiley and IEEE Press Books on Related Topics......Page 19
Preface......Page 21
Acknowledgments......Page 33
1.1 Introduction......Page 35
1.2.1 Spread Spectrum Fundamentals......Page 36
1.2.1.2 Direct Sequence......Page 37
1.2.2 The Effect of Multipath Channels......Page 40
1.2.3 Rake Receiver......Page 43
1.2.4 Multiple Access......Page 47
1.2.4.1 DL Interference......Page 48
1.2.4.2 Uplink Interference......Page 49
1.2.4.3 Gaussian Approximation......Page 52
1.2.5 Spreading Codes......Page 53
1.2.5.1 m-sequences......Page 54
1.2.5.3 Extended m-sequences......Page 55
1.2.6.1 DL Pilot-assisted Channel Estimation......Page 56
1.2.6.2 UL Pilot-symbol Assisted Channel Estimation......Page 57
1.2.6.3 Pilot-symbol Assisted Decision-directed Channel Estimation......Page 58
1.3.1 Introduction......Page 60
1.3.2.1 Characteristics of UTRA......Page 63
1.3.2.2 Transport Channels......Page 67
1.3.2.3 Physical Channels......Page 68
1.3.2.3.1 Dedicated Physical Channels......Page 69
1.3.2.3.2.1 Common Physical Channels of the FDD Mode......Page 71
1.3.2.3.2.2 Common Physical Channels of the TDD Mode......Page 74
1.3.2.4.3 Channel-coding......Page 77
1.3.2.4.7 Rate Matching......Page 80
1.3.2.4.12 Physical Channel Mapping......Page 81
1.3.2.4.13 Mapping Several Multirate Services to the UL Physical Channels in FDD Mode......Page 82
1.3.2.4.14 Mapping of a 4.1 Kbps Data Service to the DL DPDCH in FDD Mode......Page 83
1.3.2.4.15 Mapping Several Multirate Services to the UL Physical Channels in TDD Mode......Page 84
1.3.2.6 Spreading and Modulation......Page 86
1.3.2.6.1 Orthogonal Variable Spreading Factor Codes......Page 89
1.3.2.6.3 Downlink Scrambling Codes......Page 91
1.3.2.6.5 Downlink Spreading and Modulation......Page 92
1.3.2.7.1 Mobile-initiated Physical Random Access Procedures......Page 94
1.3.2.8 Power Control......Page 95
1.3.2.8.2 Open-loop Power Control in TDD Mode......Page 96
1.3.2.9.1 Cell Identification in the FDD Mode......Page 97
1.3.2.9.2 Cell Identification in the TDD Mode......Page 99
1.3.2.10.1 Intra-frequency Handover or Soft Handover......Page 100
1.3.2.10.2 Inter-frequency Handover or Hard Handover......Page 101
1.3.3 The cdma2000 Terrestrial Radio Access......Page 102
1.3.3.1 Characteristics of cdma2000......Page 104
1.3.3.2 Physical Channels in cdma2000......Page 105
1.3.3.4 Spreading and Modulation......Page 108
1.3.3.4.1 Downlink Spreading and Modulation......Page 109
1.3.3.4.2 Uplink Spreading and Modulation......Page 111
1.3.3.5 Random Access......Page 113
1.3.3.6 Handover......Page 115
1.3.4.1.3 Closed-loop Transmit Diversity......Page 116
1.3.5 Summary of 3G Systems......Page 118
1.4 Summary and Conclusions......Page 119
2.1 Introduction......Page 121
2.2 High Speed Downlink Packet Access......Page 122
2.2.1 Physical Layer......Page 126
2.2.1.1 High Speed Physical Downlink Shared Channel (HS-PDSCH)......Page 128
2.2.1.2 High Speed Shared Control Channel (HS-SCCH)......Page 130
2.2.2 Medium Access Control (MAC) Layer......Page 132
2.3 High Speed Uplink Packet Access......Page 133
2.3.1 Physical Layer......Page 136
2.3.1.1 E-DCH Dedicated Physical Data Channel (E-DPDCH)......Page 138
2.3.1.3 EDCH HARQ Indicator Channel (E-HICH)......Page 140
2.3.1.5 E-DCH Relative Grant Channel (E-RGCH)......Page 141
2.3.2 MAC Layer......Page 142
2.4.1.1 Viterbi’s Path Metric Difference Algorithm......Page 146
2.4.1.3 Minimum Path Metric Difference Algorithm......Page 147
2.4.1.7 Detection Algorithm Performances......Page 148
2.4.2.1 Amplitude and Phase Estimation......Page 149
2.4.3 HARQ Result Processing Time......Page 150
2.4.4 Crest Factor......Page 151
3.1 Motivation......Page 153
3.2 Narrowband Burst-by-Burst Adaptive Modulation......Page 154
3.3.1 Channel Quality Metrics......Page 157
3.4 Wideband BbB-AQAM Video Transceivers......Page 160
3.5 BbB-AQAM Performance......Page 163
3.6 Wideband BbB-AQAM Video Performance......Page 165
3.6.1 AQAM Switching Thresholds......Page 167
3.6.2 Turbo-coded AQAM Videophone Performance......Page 169
3.7.1 Multi-user Detection for CDMA......Page 170
3.7.2 JD-ACDMA Modem Mode Adaptation and Signalling......Page 172
3.7.3 The JD-ACDMA Video Transceiver......Page 173
3.7.4 JD-ACDMA Video Transceiver Performance......Page 175
3.8 Subband-adaptive OFDM Video Transceivers......Page 179
3.9 Summary and Conclusions......Page 184
4.1 Introduction......Page 185
4.2.1 Antenna Array Parameters......Page 186
4.2.2.1 Multiple Beams......Page 187
4.2.2.4 Diversity Schemes......Page 189
4.2.2.5 Reduction in Delay Spread and Multipath Fading......Page 192
4.2.2.6 Reduction in Co-channel Interference......Page 194
4.2.2.9 Reduction in Handovers......Page 195
4.2.3 Signal Model......Page 196
4.2.4 A Beamforming Example......Page 199
4.2.5 Analog Beamforming......Page 200
4.2.7 Element-space Beamforming......Page 201
4.2.8 Beam-space Beamforming......Page 202
4.3 Adaptive Beamforming......Page 203
4.3.1 Fixed Beams......Page 204
4.3.2 Temporal Reference Techniques......Page 205
4.3.2.1 Least Mean Squares......Page 208
4.3.2.3 Sample Matrix Inversion......Page 210
4.3.2.4 Recursive Least Squares......Page 217
4.3.3 Spatial Reference Techniques......Page 218
4.3.3.1 Antenna Calibration......Page 219
4.3.4 Blind Adaptation......Page 221
4.3.4.1 Constant Modulus Algorithm......Page 222
4.3.5 Adaptive Arrays in the Downlink......Page 223
4.3.6.1 Two Element Adaptive Antenna Using Sample Matrix Inversion......Page 225
4.3.6.2 Two Element Adaptive Antenna Using Unconstrained Least Mean Squares......Page 229
4.3.6.3 Two Element Adaptive Antenna Using Normalized Least Mean Squares......Page 231
4.3.6.4 Performance of a Three Element Adaptive Antenna Array......Page 233
4.3.6.5 Complexity Analysis......Page 246
4.4 Summary and Conclusions......Page 247
5.1 Introduction......Page 249
5.2.1 Algebraic Manipulation with Optimal Beamforming......Page 250
5.2.2 Using Probability Density Functions......Page 252
5.2.3 Sample Matrix Inversion Beamforming......Page 253
5.3 Channel Allocation Techniques......Page 254
5.3.1 Overview of Channel Allocation......Page 255
5.3.1.1 Fixed Channel Allocation......Page 256
5.3.1.1.1 Channel Borrowing......Page 258
5.3.1.2 Dynamic Channel Allocation......Page 260
5.3.1.2.2 Distributed DCA Algorithms......Page 262
5.3.1.2.3 Locally Distributed DCA Algorithms......Page 263
5.3.1.3 Hybrid Channel Allocation......Page 264
5.3.1.4 The Effect of Handovers......Page 265
5.3.2.1 The Mobile Radio Network Simulator, “Netsim”......Page 266
5.3.2.1.2 Shadow Fading Model......Page 269
5.3.3 Overview of Channel Allocation Algorithms......Page 270
5.3.3.2 Distributed Dynamic Channel Allocation Algorithms......Page 271
5.3.3.3 Locally Distributed Dynamic Channel Allocation Algorithms......Page 272
5.3.3.4 Performance Metrics......Page 273
5.3.3.5 Nonuniform Traffic Model......Page 274
5.3.4 DCA Performance without Adaptive Arrays......Page 275
5.4 Employing Adaptive Antenna Arrays......Page 276
5.5 Multipath Propagation Environments......Page 279
5.6 Network Performance Results......Page 285
5.6.1 System Simulation Parameters......Page 286
5.6.2 Non-wraparound Network Performance Results......Page 295
5.6.2.1 Performance Results over a LOS Channel......Page 296
5.6.2.2 Performance Results over a Multipath Channel......Page 302
5.6.2.3 Performance over a Multipath Channel using Power Control......Page 306
5.6.2.4 Transmission over a Multipath Channel using Power Control and Adaptive Modulation......Page 312
5.6.2.5 Power Control and Adaptive Modulation Algorithm......Page 315
5.6.2.6 Performance of PC-assisted, AQAM-aided Dynamic Channel Allocation......Page 318
5.6.2.7 Summary of Non-wraparound Network Performance......Page 325
5.6.3 Wrap-around Network Performance Results......Page 326
5.6.3.1 Performance Results over a LOS Channel......Page 327
5.6.3.2 Performance Results over a Multipath Channel......Page 331
5.6.3.3 Performance over a Multipath Channel using Power Control......Page 334
5.6.3.4 Performance of an AQAM based Network using Power Control......Page 341
5.7 Summary and Conclusions......Page 349
6.1 Introduction......Page 351
6.2 Direct Sequence Code Division Multiple Access......Page 352
6.3 UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access......Page 354
6.3.1 Spreading and Modulation......Page 355
6.3.2 Common Pilot Channel......Page 359
6.3.3 Power Control......Page 360
6.3.3.1 Uplink Power Control......Page 361
6.3.4 Soft Handover......Page 362
6.3.5.1 Downlink......Page 363
6.3.5.2 Uplink......Page 364
6.3.6 Multi-user Detection......Page 365
6.4.1 Simulation Parameters......Page 366
6.4.2.1 Fixed Received Pilot Power Thresholds without Shadowing......Page 370
6.4.2.2 Fixed Received Pilot Power Thresholds with 0.5 Hz Shadowing......Page 373
6.4.2.4 Summary......Page 376
6.4.2.5 Relative Received Pilot Power Thresholds without Shadowing......Page 378
6.4.2.6 Relative Received Pilot Power Thresholds with 0.5 Hz Shadowing......Page 380
6.4.2.7 Relative Received Pilot Power Thresholds with 1.0 Hz Shadowing......Page 382
6.4.3.1 Fixed Ec/Io Thresholds without Shadowing......Page 385
6.4.3.2 Fixed Ec/Io Thresholds with 0.5 Hz Shadowing......Page 388
6.4.3.3 Fixed Ec/Io Thresholds with 1.0 Hz Shadowing......Page 389
6.4.3.4 Summary......Page 391
6.4.3.5 Relative Ec/Io Thresholds without Shadowing......Page 392
6.4.3.6 Relative Ec/Io Thresholds with 0.5 Hz Shadowing......Page 393
6.4.3.7 Relative Ec/Io Thresholds with 1.0 Hz Shadowing......Page 395
6.4.4 Overview of Results......Page 397
6.4.5 Performance of Adaptive Antenna Arrays in a High Data Rate Pedestrian Environment......Page 399
6.4.6 Performance of Adaptive Antenna Arrays and Adaptive Modulation in a High Data Rate Pedestrian Environment......Page 407
6.5 Summary and Conclusions......Page 414
7.1.1 Introduction......Page 417
7.1.2 Loosely Synchronized Codes......Page 418
7.1.3 System Parameters......Page 420
7.1.4 Simulation Results......Page 422
7.1.5 Summary......Page 425
7.2.1 Introduction......Page 426
7.2.2 System Model and System Parameters......Page 427
7.2.3.1 Network Performance using Adaptive Antenna Arrays......Page 429
7.2.3.2 Network Performance using Adaptive Antenna Arrays and Adaptive Modulation......Page 432
7.2.4 Summary and Conclusion......Page 434
7.3.1 Introduction......Page 435
7.3.2 Simulation Results......Page 436
7.3.3 Summary and Conclusion......Page 440
7.4.1 Introduction......Page 441
7.4.2 Simulation Results......Page 447
7.4.3 Summary and Conclusions......Page 453
8.1 Introduction......Page 455
8.2.1 FDD versusTDD Spectrum Allocation of UTRA......Page 456
8.2.2 Physical Channels......Page 457
8.3 UTRATDD/CDMA System......Page 458
8.3.2 Common Physical Channels of the TDD Mode......Page 459
8.3.3 Power Control......Page 460
8.4 Interference Scenario in TDD CDMA......Page 462
8.4.2 Base Station-to-Base Station Interference......Page 463
8.5 Simulation Results......Page 464
8.5.1 Simulation Parameters......Page 465
8.5.2 Performance of Adaptive Antenna Array Aided TDD CDMA Systems......Page 467
8.5.3 Performance of Adaptive Antenna Array and Adaptive Modulation Aided TDD HSDPA-style Systems......Page 472
8.6.1 Introduction......Page 476
8.6.2 LS Codes in UTRA TDD/CDMA......Page 478
8.6.3 System Parameters......Page 479
8.6.4 Simulation Results......Page 480
8.6.5 Summary and Conclusions......Page 483
9.1 A Historical Perspective on Handovers......Page 485
9.2 Hard HO in UTRA-like TDD/CDMA Systems......Page 486
9.2.1 Relative Pilot Power-based Hard HO......Page 487
9.2.2 Simulation Results......Page 488
9.2.2.1 Near-symmetric UL/DL Traffic Loads......Page 489
9.2.2.2 Asymmetric Traffic loads......Page 492
9.3.1 UTRA TDD Downlink Closed-loop Power Control......Page 498
9.3.3 Closed-loop Power Control Simulation Results......Page 500
9.3.3.1 UL/DL SymmetricTraffic Loads......Page 501
9.3.3.2 UL Dominated Asymmetric Traffic Loads......Page 504
9.3.3.3 DL Dominated Asymmetric Traffic Loads......Page 507
9.3.4 UTRA TDD UL Open-loop Power Control......Page 509
9.3.5 Frame-delay-based Power Adjustment Model......Page 510
9.3.5.1 UL/DL Symmetric Traffic Loads......Page 514
9.3.5.2 Asymmetric Traffic Loads......Page 517
9.4 Summary and Conclusion......Page 520
10.1 Introduction......Page 523
10.2 The Genetically Enhanced UTRA-like TDD/CDMA System......Page 524
10.3 Simulation Results......Page 528
10.4 Summary and Conclusion......Page 533
11.1 Summary of FDD Networking......Page 535
11.2 Summary of FDD versus TDD Networking......Page 540
11.3 Further Research......Page 545
11.3.2 Other Types of GAs......Page 547
Glossary......Page 549
Bibliography......Page 555
Subject Index......Page 581
Author Index......Page 587