3D Printing Technology for Water Treatment Applications

Front Cover
3D PRINTING TECHNOLOGY FOR WATER TREATMENT APPLICATIONS
3D Printing Technology for Water Treatment Applications Additive Manufacturing Materials and Technologies
Copyright
Contents
Contributors
1 - An overview of the advances in the 3D printing technology
	1.1 Introduction
		1.1.1 Chronicle of 3D printing
			1.1.1.1 Foundation of 3D printing—the early 1980s
			1.1.1.2 One step ahead—1990s
			1.1.1.3 The explosion of 3D technology—2000s
			1.1.1.4 The revolution—2010
			1.1.1.5 COVID-19 and to date
		1.1.2 Computer-aided design (CAD)
	1.2 Technology classification for 3D printing
		1.2.1 Based on material extrusion
		1.2.2 Based on vat polymerization
		1.2.3 Based on powder bed fusion
		1.2.4 Based on material jetting
		1.2.5 Based on binder jetting
		1.2.6 Based on sheet lamination
		1.2.7 Based on direct energy deposition
		1.2.8 Other types
			1.2.8.1 3D bioprinting
			1.2.8.2 Inkjet printing
	1.3 Materials for 3D printing
		1.3.1 Metals
		1.3.2 Polymers
		1.3.3 Ceramics
		1.3.4 Composites
		1.3.5 Smart materials
		1.3.6 Earth-based materials
		1.3.7 Novel materials
		1.3.8 3D printing pen materials
	1.4 Applications of 3D printing technology
		1.4.1 Health and dental industry
		1.4.2 Pharmaceutical industry
		1.4.3 Engineering
		1.4.4 Architecture
			1.4.4.1 Temporary housing
			1.4.4.2 Housing for the poor
		1.4.5 Irrigation
		1.4.6 Education
		1.4.7 Food industry
		1.4.8 Aerospace and defense
	1.5 Limitations of 3D printing
	1.6 Future and conclusions
	References
2 - Fabrication of microchannel for water treatment using 3D printing
	2.1 General
	2.2 3D printing of microchannel
	2.3 Solid modeling
	2.4 Device design
		2.4.1 Cuboid structure
		2.4.2 Cylindrical structure
			2.4.2.1 Spiraled microchannel
	2.5 TMA analyzer
	2.6 Conclusion
	References
3 - Recent advances on 3D printing for wastewater treatment and process optimization using artificial intelligence  ...
	3.1 Introduction
	3.2 Overview and scope
		3.2.1 Bibliometric and review methods
		3.2.2 Research trends in wastewater treatment
	3.3 Principles
		3.3.1 Membrane separation technology
		3.3.2 Membrane modules
	3.4 Current applications
		3.4.1 3D printing technologies in wastewater treatment
			3.4.1.1 Ink jet printing
			3.4.1.2 Powder bed fusion
			3.4.1.3 Binder jet
			3.4.1.4 Material extrusion
			3.4.1.5 Vat photo polymerization
			3.4.1.6 Sheet lamination
			3.4.1.7 Direct energy deposition
	3.5 Application of 3D printing for water treatment using membrane technology
		3.5.1 Membrane module design
		3.5.2 Design and fabrication of module spacers
		3.5.3 Design and fabrication of membranes
	3.6 Membrane materials and their fabrication methods
	3.7 Advanced applications of 3D printing for wastewater treatment
		3.7.1 Ion-exchange membranes
		3.7.2 Composite membranes
		3.7.3 Photocatalysis material
		3.7.4 Capsule/bio-carriers
		3.7.5 Moving bed biofilm reactors
		3.7.6 Oil–water separation substrate
		3.7.7 Solar absorbers
		3.7.8 Substrates for dye degradation
		3.7.9 Heavy metal adsorption
		3.7.10 Micro devices
	3.8 Optimization and sustainability of 3D printing technology in wastewater treatment
		3.8.1 Challenges for manufacturing of membranes
	3.9 Computational intelligent techniques for control and cost optimization of wastewater treatment
		3.9.1 Artificial intelligence
		3.9.2 Commonly used artificial intelligence methods
			3.9.2.1 Machine learning methods
		3.9.3 Application of intelligent technologies for wastewater treatment
			3.9.3.1 Conventional modeling versus intelligent models
			3.9.3.2 Fault detection and diagnosis
			3.9.3.3 Part quality and process optimization for 3D printing in wastewater treatment using ML
	3.10 Future prospects and next generation applications of machine learning for wastewater treatment
	3.11 Summary
	References
4 - An overview of water pollutants in present scenario
	4.1 Introduction
	4.2 Source of pollutants
		4.2.1 Point source of pollution
			4.2.1.1 Sewage wastewater
			4.2.1.2 Pharmaceutical industry
			4.2.1.3 Personal care products
			4.2.1.4 Pesticides
			4.2.1.5 Oil pollution
			4.2.1.6 Radioactive pollution
		4.2.2 Nonpoint source of pollution
			4.2.2.1 Agriculture
			4.2.2.2 Transboundary
	4.3 Emerging pollutants
	4.4 Water purification technologies
	4.5 Conclusion
	Acknowledgments
	References
5 - A brief overview on advances in water treatment process
	5.1 Introduction
	5.2 Suspended solid removal
		5.2.1 Sedimentation
		5.2.2 Centrifugation
		5.2.3 Coagulation/flocculation
	5.3 Adsorption
	5.4 Moving bed biofilm reactor (MBBR)
	5.5 Solar desalination
		5.5.1 Direct solar desalination—solar still
		5.5.2 Indirect solar desalination
			5.5.2.1 Solar humidification-dehumidification
			5.5.2.2 Solar-powered multistage flash
			5.5.2.3 Solar powered membrane distillation
			5.5.2.4 Solar-powered electrodialysis
	5.6 Advanced oxidation processes
		5.6.1 Sonolysis
		5.6.2 Ozone-based advanced oxidation processes
		5.6.3 Ozonation and UV radiation (O3/UV)
			5.6.3.1 O3/H2O2
			5.6.3.2 O3/homogeneous catalyst
			5.6.3.3 O3/Heterogeneous catalysts
			5.6.3.4 Photocatalytic ozonation
			5.6.3.5 O3/Fenton process
	5.7 Reverse osmosis
	5.8 Electrodialysis
		5.8.1 Basic principle of electrodialysis
	References
	Further reading
6 - 3D-Printed membrane for water treatment
	6.1 Introduction
	6.2 Water pollutants
		6.2.1 Pathogens
		6.2.2 Macroscopic pollutants
		6.2.3 Inorganic compounds
		6.2.4 Organic materials
	6.3 Membranes for wastewater treatment
	6.4 Wastewater treatment processes
		6.4.1 Pressure-driven processes
		6.4.2 Forward osmosis
	6.5 Membrane modules and selection
	6.6 3D printing technology (additive manufacturing)
	6.7 3D printed materials for desalination and membrane separation
	6.8 Membrane separation
	6.9 Membranes for filtration
	6.10 Capsules or biocarriers for wastewater
	6.11 Substrates for oil-water separation
	6.12 Dye degeneration in water treatment
	6.13 Use of graphene aerogels in water filtration
	6.14 Use of ceramics in water treatment
	6.15 Challenges of 3D printing
		6.15.1 Resolution/accuracy
		6.15.2 Limited materials
		6.15.3 Poor scalability/slow process
		6.15.4 Budget
	6.16 The outlook for future
		6.16.1 Combination of conventional methods with additive methods
		6.16.2 3D printing+electrospinning/surface coatings
		6.16.3 4D printing
	6.17 Conclusions
	References
	Further reading
7 - Application of nanotechnology in water and wastewater treatment and the vast vision for the future
	7.1 Introduction
	7.2 The vision of this study
	7.3 The need and the rationale of this study
	7.4 The scientific doctrine in the field of nanomaterials and engineered nanomaterials and the need of sustainability
	7.5 What exactly do we mean when we say nanoparticles and designed nanomaterials?
	7.6 Environmental sustainability, scientific progress, and a broad vision for the future
	7.7 Recent scientific advances in environmental preservation, as well as a visionary road forward
	7.8 Recent scientific advances in the application of nanotechnology in water and wastewater treatment
	7.9 Recent scientific advancements in the application of environmental sustainability in human society and the road ahead
	7.10 3D printing, device development, and water treatment applications
	7.11 Heavy metal and arsenic groundwater remediation, the application of nanotechnology and the visionary future
	7.12 Future scientific recommendations and future flow of scientific ideas
	7.13 Conclusion, summary, and environmental engineering perspectives
	References
8 - 3D printed membranes for oil/water separation
	8.1 Introduction
		8.1.1 Additive manufacturing or 3-dimensional printing technology
		8.1.2 3D printed membrane for oil separation
		8.1.3 Conclusion and future perspectives
	Acknowledgments
	References
9 - Use of 3D printed techniques for organic pollutants removal
	9.1 Introduction
	9.2 Organic pollutants: classification and adverse effects
		9.2.1 Classification of organic pollutants
			9.2.1.1 Organic pollutants can be further classified into following categories
				9.2.1.1.1 Quantitative and qualitative pollutants
					9.2.1.1.1.1 Quantitative pollutants
					9.2.1.1.1.2 Qualitative pollutants
				9.2.1.1.2 Primary pollutants and secondary pollutants
					9.2.1.1.2.1 Primary pollutants
					9.2.1.1.2.2 Secondary pollutants
				9.2.1.1.3 Volatile pollutants and semivolatile organic pollutants
					9.2.1.1.3.1 Volatile organic compounds
					9.2.1.1.3.2 Semi-volatile organic compounds
				9.2.1.1.4 Nonpersistent and persistent organic pollutants
					9.2.1.1.4.1 Nonpersistent pollutants
					9.2.1.1.4.2 Persistent organic pollutants (POPs)
						Oxygen demanding wastes
						Synthetic organic compounds
			9.2.1.2 Adverse effect of organic pollutants
	9.3 Techniques to detect organic pollutants and their removal
		9.3.1 Separating components of a mixture by extraction or chemical method
		9.3.2 Test for the functional group
		9.3.3 Quantitative and qualitative analysis
		9.3.4 Spectroscopic techniques
	9.4 3D printed techniques for organic pollutant detection and removal
		9.4.1 Detection
		9.4.2 Removal
	9.5 Advantages of 3D printed techniques
	9.6 Future perspectives of 3D printed techniques
	9.7 Conclusion
	References
10 - Resource management using 3D printing technology
	10.1 Introduction
		10.1.1 History of 3D printing
		10.1.2 Salient features of 3D printing
	10.2 The significance of 3D printing
		10.2.1 3D printing (or AM) versus traditional manufacturing methods
		10.2.2 Scopes and challenges of 3D printing
		10.2.3 Diverse applicability of 3D printing technology
	10.3 Current applications of 3D printing in water treatment
		10.3.1 3D printed membranes
		10.3.2 Methods used for fabrication of 3D printed membranes
		10.3.3 Advances of 3D printing in water and waste water treatment
	10.4 Current trending fields where 3D printing is employed for water treatment and water quality analysis
		10.4.1 In aquaculture
		10.4.2 Desalination to create potable water
		10.4.3 Efficient water analysis devices
		10.4.4 Water filtration and purification systems
		10.4.5 Efficient wastewater treatment
		10.4.6 Metal recovery from wastewater
		10.4.7 Recovery and management of organics from waste streams
	10.5 Summary
	References
11 - Sustainability of 3D printing in industry 4.0: A brief review
	11.1 Industry 4.0—past, present, and future
	11.2 3D printing
		11.2.1 Brief methodologies
		11.2.2 Materials for 3D printing
		11.2.3 Role in present industries
		11.2.4 Advantages and limitations
		11.2.5 Technological advancements
	11.3 3D printing and Industry 4.0—potential and future scope
	11.4 Conclusions
	References
Index
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