3D printing in medicine: a practical guide for medical professionals

Acknowledgment......Page 5
Contents......Page 6
1: Introduction......Page 8
 1.2 History of 3D Printing in the US Military Medical Community......Page 9
 1.3 Current 3D Printing......Page 11
 2.1 Introduction......Page 12
  2.1.1 Communicating with a 3D Printer: The Standard Tessellation File Format and Beyond......Page 13
   2.1.2.1 Vat Photopolymerization......Page 16
   2.1.2.2 Material Jetting......Page 20
   2.1.2.3 Binder Jetting......Page 22
   2.1.2.4 Material Extrusion......Page 24
   2.1.2.5 Powder Bed Fusion......Page 25
   2.1.2.6 Other Technologies......Page 26
  2.1.3 3D Printer Resolution, Accuracy, and Reproducibility......Page 27
 2.3 Conclusions......Page 28
 References......Page 29
 3.1 Introduction......Page 30
 3.2 Image Segmentation......Page 32
 3.3 STL Generation......Page 34
 3.5 Model Refinement and CAD Design......Page 36
 3.6 Virtual Procedural Planning......Page 37
 3.8 Preparation for 3D Printing......Page 38
 3.9 Special Applications......Page 39
 References......Page 40
4: Beginning and Developing a Radiology-Based In-Hospital 3D Printing Lab......Page 42
 References......Page 47
 5.1 Craniofacial Imaging......Page 49
 5.2 Cranioplasty......Page 50
 5.3 Craniofacial Reconstruction......Page 51
 5.4 Dental Implant Guides......Page 52
 5.6 Other Craniofacial Applications......Page 54
 References......Page 55
 6.2 Neurosurgery......Page 57
 6.3 Cranial and Facial Implants......Page 58
 6.4 3D-Printed Models for Surgical Simulation and Training......Page 59
 References......Page 62
 7.1 Introduction......Page 65
  7.2.1 Complex Pediatric and Adult Congenital Heart Diseases......Page 66
  7.3.4 Valve Disease......Page 67
 7.4 3D Printing for the Systemic Vessels......Page 70
 References......Page 72
8: Musculoskeletal 3D Printing......Page 76
 References......Page 87
 9.1 Background......Page 90
 9.2 Terminology......Page 91
 9.3 Medical Imaging and Digital Design of Patient-Matched Implants......Page 92
 9.4 How 3D Printing Fits In......Page 93
 9.5 Patient-Matched Implant Examples......Page 94
 References......Page 99
 10.2 The FDA’s Role......Page 101
  10.3.1 Resources......Page 102
   10.3.2.2 Class II: Premarket Notification [510(k)]......Page 103
  10.3.3 Clinical Studies......Page 104
   10.3.5.1 Humanitarian Use Device (HUD)/Humanitarian Device Exemption (HDE)......Page 105
  10.4.1 Medical Implants and Accessories......Page 106
  10.5.1 Characterization......Page 107
  10.5.2 Biological Suitability......Page 108
  10.6.1 Engineering Tools......Page 109
  10.7.1 Software/Hardware Interactions......Page 110
   10.7.2.4 Post-Processing......Page 112
  10.8.3 Test Coupons......Page 113
 10.9 Conclusions......Page 114
 References......Page 115
11: Quality and Safety of 3D-Printed Medical Models......Page 116
 11.1 Phantom-Based Quality Control......Page 117
 11.2 Mathematical Metrics of Quality Control......Page 119
  11.2.1 Model Surface Distances......Page 120
  11.2.2 Residual Volume......Page 122
 11.4 “End-to-End” 3D Printing Quality Control......Page 125
 References......Page 126
 12.1 Introduction......Page 127
  12.2.1 Early Milestones......Page 128
  12.2.4 A Technology Outpaced by Vision......Page 129
  12.3.2 Mobile VR......Page 130
  12.3.3 Augmented Reality......Page 131
 12.4 Medical Virtual Reality and 3D Printing......Page 132
 References......Page 134
Index......Page 136