3D AND 4D PRINTING IN BIOMEDICAL APPLICATIONS: process engineering and additive manufacturing

Cover
Title Page
Copyright
Contents
Preface
Chapter 1 3D/4D Printing in Additive Manufacturing: Process Engineering and Novel Excipients
	1.1 Introduction
	1.2 The Process of 3D and 4D Printing Technology
	1.3 3D/4D Printing for Biomedical Applications
	1.4 Smart or Responsive Materials for 4D Biomedical Printing
	1.5 Classification of 3D and 4D Printing Technologies
		1.5.1 Fused Filament Fabrication (FFF) – Extrusion‐Based Systems
		1.5.2 Powder Bed Printing (PBP) – Droplet‐Based Systems
		1.5.3 Stereolithographic (SLA) Printing – Resin‐Based Systems
		1.5.4 Selective Laser Sintering (SLS) Printing – Laser‐Based Systems
	1.6 Conclusions and Perspectives
	References
Chapter 2 3D and 4D Printing Technologies: Innovative Process Engineering and Smart Additive Manufacturing
	2.1 Introduction
	2.2 Types of 3D Printing Technologies
		2.2.1 Stereolithographic 3D Printing (SLA)
		2.2.2 Powder‐Based 3D Printing
		2.2.3 Selective Laser Sintering (SLS)
		2.2.4 Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM)
		2.2.5 Semisolid Extrusion (EXT) 3D Printing
		2.2.6 Thermal Inkjet Printing
	2.3 FDM 3D Printing Technology
		2.3.1 FDM 3D Printing Applications in Unit Dose Fabrications and Medical Implants
	2.4 Hot Melt Extrusion Technique to Produce 3D Printing Polymeric Filaments
	2.5 Smart Medical Implants Integrated with Sensors
		2.5.1 Examples of Medical Implants with Sensors
	2.6 4D Printing and Future Perspectives
		2.6.1 4D Printing and Its Transition in Material Fabrication
		2.6.2 Shape Memory or Stimuli‐Responsive Mechanism of 4D Printing
		2.6.3 Factors Affecting 4D Printing
			2.6.3.1 Humidity‐Responsive Materials
			2.6.3.2 Temperatures
			2.6.3.3 Electronic and Magnetic Stimuli
			2.6.3.4 Light
		2.6.4 Future Perspectives of 4D Printing
	2.7 Regulatory Aspects
	2.8 Conclusions
	References
Chapter 3 3D Printing: A Case of ZipDose® Technology – World\'s First 3D Printing Platform to Obtain FDA Approval for a Pharmaceutical Product
	3.1 Introduction
	3.2 Terminology
	3.3 Historical Context for This Form of 3D Printing
	3.4 ZipDose® Technology
	3.5 3D Printing Machines and Pharmaceutical Process Design
		3.5.1 Overview
		3.5.2 Generalized Process in the Pharmaceutical Context
		3.5.3 Exemplary 3DP Machine Designs
	3.6 Development of SPRITAM®
		3.6.1 Product Concept and Need
		3.6.2 Regulatory Approach
		3.6.3 Introduction of the Technology to FDA
		3.6.4 Target Product Profile
		3.6.5 Synopsis of Formulation and Clinical Development
	3.7 Conclusion
	Acknowledgments
	References
Chapter 4 Manufacturing of Biomaterials via a 3D Printing Platform
	4.1 Additive Manufacturing and Bioprinting
	4.2 Bioinks
		4.2.1 Printability Control – Bioink Composition and Environmental Factors
		4.2.2 Mechanisms for Filament Formation and Stability
	4.3 3D Bioprinting Systems
		4.3.1 Multifaceted Systems
		4.3.2 Major Components
		4.3.3 Pneumatic Printhead
		4.3.4 Mechanical Displacement Printhead
		4.3.5 Inkjet Printhead
		4.3.6 Heated and Cooled Printheads
		4.3.7 High‐Temperature Extruder
		4.3.8 Multimaterial Printhead
		4.3.9 Heated and Cooled Printbed
		4.3.10 Clean Chamber Technology
		4.3.11 Video‐Capture Printhead and Sensors
		4.3.12 Integrated Intelligence
	4.4 Applications
		4.4.1 Internal Architecture
		4.4.2 Integrated Vascular Networks and Microstructure Patterning
		4.4.3 Personalized Medicine
	4.5 Steps Necessary for Broader Application
	References
Chapter 5 Bioscaffolding: A New Innovative Fabrication Process
	5.1 Introduction: From Bioscaffolding to Bioprinting
	5.2 Scaffolding
		5.2.1 Properties of Scaffolds
		5.2.2 Bioprinters vs Common 3D Printers: Approaches for Extrusion of Polymers
		5.2.3 Comparing Cell Seeding Techniques to 3D Bioprinting or Cell‐Laden Hydrogels
			5.2.3.1 From Printing to Bioprinting
			5.2.3.2 Approaches of Stabilizing Printed Constructs
		5.2.4 Examples/Applications of Cell‐Seeded Scaffolds
		5.2.5 Data Processing of 3D CAD Data for Bioscaffolds
	5.3 Bioprinted Scaffolds
		5.3.1 Bioinks
		5.3.2 Tools for Multimaterial Printing
		5.3.3 Multimaterial Scaffold
		5.3.4 Core–Shell Scaffolds
		5.3.5 Additional Technical Equipment
		5.3.6 Piezoelectric Pipetting Technology
		5.3.7 Usage of Piezoelectric Inkjet Technology with Bioscaffolds
	5.4 Applications of Bioscaffolder and Bioprinting Systems
		5.4.1 Individualized Implants and Tissue Constructs
		5.4.2 Green Bioprinting
		5.4.3 Challenges for Clinical Applications of Bioprinted Scaffolds in Tissue and Organ Engineering
		5.4.4 4D Printing
	5.5 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 6 Potential of 3D Printing in Pharmaceutical Drug Delivery and Manufacturing
	6.1 Introduction
	6.2 Pharmaceutical Drug Delivery
	6.3 Conventional Manufacturing vs 3D Printing
	6.4 Advanced Applications for Improved Drug Delivery
	6.5 Instrumentations
	6.6 Location of 3D Printing Manufacturing
		6.6.1 Pharmaceutical Industry
		6.6.2 At the Point of Care
		6.6.3 Print‐at‐Home
	6.7 Regulatory Aspects
	6.8 Summary
	References
Chapter 7 Emerging 3D Printing Technologies to Develop Novel Pharmaceutical Formulations
	7.1 Introduction
	7.2 FDM 3D Printing
	7.3 Pressure‐Assisted Microsyringe
	7.4 SLA 3D Printing
	7.5 Powder Bed 3D Printing
	7.6 SLS 3D Printing
	7.7 3D Inkjet Printing
	7.8 Conclusions
	References
Chapter 8 Modulating Drug Release from 3D Printed Pharmaceutical Products
	8.1 Introduction
	8.2 Pharmaceutically Used 3D Printing Processes and Techniques
		8.2.1 Process Flow of 3D Printing Processes
		8.2.2 Inkjet‐Based Printing Technologies
		8.2.3 Extrusion‐Based Printing Techniques
		8.2.4 Laser‐Based Techniques
	8.3 Modifying the Drug Release Profile from 3D Printed Dosage Forms
		8.3.1 Approaches to Modify the Drug Release
		8.3.2 Modifying the Drug Release by Formulation Variation
			8.3.2.1 Fused Filament Fabrication
			8.3.2.2 Other Printing Techniques
		8.3.3 Manipulating the Dosage Form Geometry as a Means to Modify API Release
			8.3.3.1 Fused Filament Fabrication
			8.3.3.2 Drop‐on‐Drop Printing
		8.3.4 Dissolution Control via Directed Diffusion and Compartmentalization
			8.3.4.1 Drop‐on‐Powder Printing
			8.3.4.2 Fused Filament Fabrication
			8.3.4.3 Printing with Pressure‐Assisted Microsyringes
	8.4 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 9 Novel Excipients and Materials Used in FDM 3D Printing of Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms
	9.1 Introduction
	9.2 Biodegradable Polyester
		9.2.1 Polylactic Acid (PLA)
		9.2.2 Poly(????‐caprolactone) (PCL)
	9.3 Polyvinyl Polymer
		9.3.1 Polyvinyl Alcohol (PVA)
		9.3.2 Ethylene Vinyl Acetate (EVA)
		9.3.3 Polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP)
		9.3.4 Soluplus
	9.4 Cellulosic Polymers
		9.4.1 Hydroxypropyl Cellulose (HPC)
		9.4.2 Hydroxypropyl Methylcellulose (HPMC)
		9.4.3 Hydroxypropyl Methylcellulose Acetate Succinate (HPMCAS)
	9.5 Polymethacrylate‐Based Polymers
		9.5.1 Eudragit RL/RS
		9.5.2 Eudragit L100‐55
		9.5.3 Eudragit E 100
	9.6 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 10 Recent Advances of Novel Materials for 3D/4D Printing in Biomedical Applications
	10.1 Introduction
	10.2 Materials for 3DP
	10.3 Rheology
	10.4 Ceramics for 3D Printing
	10.5 Polymers and Biopolymers for 3D Printing
		10.5.1 Polylactide (PLA)
		10.5.2 Poly(????‐caprolactone) (PCL)
		10.5.3 Hyaluronic Acid
	10.6 4D Printing
		10.6.1 Bioprinting
		10.6.2 Smart or Intelligent Materials
			10.6.2.1 Thermal Stimuli‐Induced Transformation
			10.6.2.2 Hydrogel
	10.7 3D and 4D Printed Bone Scaffolds with Novel Materials
		10.7.1 3DP/4DP for Drug Delivery and Bioprinting
		10.7.2 Polyurethane‐Based Scaffolds for Tissue Engineering
	10.8 Future and Prospects
	References
Chapter 11 Personalized Polypills Produced by Fused Deposition Modeling 3D Printing
	11.1 Introduction
	11.2 Polypharmacy and Polypills
		11.2.1 Clinical Evidence and Current State of the Art
		11.2.2 Future Personalization
	11.3 FDM 3D Printing of Pharmaceutical Solid Dosage Forms
		11.3.1 Basic Principle of FDM 3D Printing
		11.3.2 Printing Parameter Control
		11.3.3 Drug‐Loading Methods
	11.4 Key Challenges in the Development of FDM 3D Printed Personalized Polypills
		11.4.1 Printable Pharmaceutical Materials
		11.4.2 Printing Precision and Printer Redesign
		11.4.3 Regulatory Barriers for Personalized Polypill Printing
	11.5 Conclusions and Future Remarks
	References
Chapter 12 3D Printing of Metallic Cellular Scaffolds for Bone Implants
	12.1 Introduction
	12.2 Metal 3D Printing Techniques for Bone Implants
		12.2.1 Selective Laser Melting
		12.2.2 Selective Electron Beam Melting
	12.3 Biometals for Bone Implants
		12.3.1 Nondegradable Biometals
		12.3.2 Biodegradable Biometals
		12.3.3 3D Printing of Biometals
			12.3.3.1 Ti–6Al–4V ELI Alloy
			12.3.3.2 CoCrMo Alloy
			12.3.3.3 Stainless Steel 316L Alloy
			12.3.3.4 NiTi Shape Memory Alloy
			12.3.3.5 Tantalum
			12.3.3.6 Mg and Its Alloy
	12.4 Cellular Structure Design
		12.4.1 Stochastic and Reticulated Cellular Design
		12.4.2 Bend‐ and Stretch‐Dominated Cellular Design
		12.4.3 Scaffold Design Feasibility
	12.5 Outlook
	References
Chapter 13 3D and 4D Scaffold‐Free Bioprinting
	13.1 Introduction
	13.2 3D Scaffold‐Free Bioprinting
		13.2.1 Principles
		13.2.2 Spheroid Optimization
		13.2.3 3D Bioprinting
		13.2.4 Decannulation and Functional Assessment
	13.3 4D Bioprinting
		13.3.1 Properties of “Smart” Materials
		13.3.2 General Approaches
			13.3.2.1 “Smart” Scaffolds
			13.3.2.2 In Vivo Bioprinting
			13.3.2.3 Hybrid Techniques
		13.3.3 4D Bioprinting Technologies
		13.3.4 Applications
		13.3.5 Limitations and Future Directions
	13.4 4D Scaffold‐Free Bioprinting
	13.5 Conclusion
	Acknowledgments
	References
Chapter 14 4D Printing and Its Biomedical Applications
	14.1 Introduction
	14.2 3D Printing Technologies with Potential for 4D Printing
		14.2.1 Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM)
		14.2.2 Direct Ink Writing (DIW)
		14.2.3 Inkjet
		14.2.4 Projection Stereolithography (pSLA)
	14.3 Soft Active Materials for 4D Printing
		14.3.1 Shape Memory Polymers
		14.3.2 Hydrogels
		14.3.3 Other SAMs
	14.4 Biomedical Applications of 4D Printing
		14.4.1 Temperature‐Actuated 4D Printing
		14.4.2 Humidity‐Actuated 4D Printing
	14.5 Conclusion and Outlook
	References
Chapter 15 Current Trends and Challenges in Biofabrication Using Biomaterials and Nanomaterials: Future Perspectives for 3D/4D Bioprinting
	15.1 Introduction
	15.2 Biofabrication as a Multidisciplinary to Interdisciplinary Research Field
	15.3 Biofabrication as a Multifaceted Approach
	15.4 Biofabrication Beyond Biomedical Pharmaceutical Applications
	15.5 The Diversity of Techniques Used in Biofabrication
	15.6 Natural Resources as Sources of Biomaterials Useful for Biofabrication
	15.7 Nanomaterials as Much More Than Just New Building Blocks for Biofabrication
	15.8 3D Bioprinting as the New Gold Standard for Biofabrication
	15.9 When 3D Bioprinting Is Not Sufficient for Bioconstruction: 4D Bioprinting
	15.10 An Overview About Current Bottlenecks in Biofabrication
		15.10.1 Does 3D Model Matter in Biofabrication?
		15.10.2 Does Size and Time Matter in Biofabrication?
		15.10.3 Do Choice Materials and Cells Matters in Biofabrication?
		15.10.4 Does Maturation of the Bioconstructs Matter in Biofabrication?
		15.10.5 Do Characterization Methods Matters in Biofabrication?
		15.10.6 Does Economic and Social Impact Matter Biofabrication?
		15.10.7 Does Ethical and Legal Issues Matter in Biofabrication?
	15.11 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 16 Orthopedic Implant Design and Analysis: Potential of 3D/4D Bioprinting
	16.1 Orthopedic Implant Design with 3D Printing
		16.1.1 Bone Properties and Orthopedic Implants
		16.1.2 3D Printing and Porous Implant Design
	16.2 Analysis of 3D Printed Orthopedic Implants
		16.2.1 Mechanical Properties of Porous Structures
		16.2.2 Experimental Testing of 3D Printed Femoral Stems
		16.2.3 Finite Element Analysis of Porous Stems with 3D Printing
	16.3 3D Printed Orthopedic Implant Installation and Instrumentation
	16.4 Orthopedic Implants Manufactured with 4D Printing
	16.5 Summary
	References
Chapter 17 Recent Innovations in Additive Manufacturing Across Industries: 3D Printed Products and FDA\'s Perspectives
	17.1 Introduction
	17.2 Current Widely Used Processes Across Industries
		17.2.1 Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM)
		17.2.2 Stereolithography (SLA) and Digital Light Processing (DLP)
		17.2.3 Selective Laser Sintering (SLS)
	17.3 Emerging 3D Printing Processes and Technologies
		17.3.1 Continuous Liquid Interface Production (CLIP)
		17.3.2 Multi Jet Fusion (MJF)
	17.4 Industry Uses of Additive Manufacturing Technologies
	17.5 Material and Processes for Medical and Motorsport Sectors
	17.6 Medical Industry Usage and Materials Development
	17.7 3D Printing of Medical Devices: FDA\'s Perspectives
		17.7.1 FDA\'s Role in 3D Printing of Materials
		17.7.2 Classifications of Medical Devices from FDA\'s Viewpoint
		17.7.3 Medical Applications of 3D Printing and FDA\'s Expectations
		17.7.4 Person‐Specific Devices
		17.7.5 Process of 3D Printing of Various Medical Devices
		17.7.6 Materials Used in 3D Printed Devices Overall
		17.7.7 Materials Used in Specific Application (Printed Dental Devices)
	17.8 Conclusions
	References
Index
EULA