2D Nanomaterials for Energy Applications: Graphene and Beyond

Cover
2D Nanomaterials for Energy Applications: Graphene and Beyond
Copyright
Dedication
Contents
List of contributors
Preface
1 Piezoelectricity of 2D materials and its applications toward mechanical energy harvesting
	1.1 Introduction
	1.2 Piezoelectricity in 2D materials
		1.2.1 In-plane piezoelectricity
			1.2.1.1 Molybdenum disulfide
			1.2.1.2 Hexagonal boron nitride
			1.2.1.3 Carbon nitride
			1.2.1.4 Other materials
		1.2.2 Out-of-plane piezoelectricity
			1.2.2.1 Indium selenide
			1.2.2.2 Graphene
			1.2.2.3 Janus MoSSe monolayer
	1.3 Mechanical energy harvesting applications
		1.3.1 MoS2-based energy harvester
		1.3.2 WSe2-based energy harvester
		1.3.3 Lead (II) iodide (PbI2)-based energy harvester
		1.3.4 α-In2Se3-based energy harvester
		1.3.5 Other 2D materials-based energy harvester
	1.4 Conclusion and perspectives
	References
2 Two-dimensional metal oxide nanomaterials for sustainable energy applications
	2.1 Introduction
	2.2 Sustainable energy applications
	2.3 2D metal oxides for sustainable energy applications
	2.4 Strategies to further improve the performance of 2D MO materials
	2.5 Conclusion
	Acknowledgments
	References
	Further reading
3 Graphene-based hybrid materials for advanced batteries
	3.1 Introduction
	3.2 Graphene hybrid electrodes in advanced batteries
	3.3 Transition metal dichalcogenides/graphene composite in sodium ion battery
	3.4 SnS2/graphene composite in sodium ion battery
	3.5 Phosphorene/graphene composite in SIB
	3.6 SnS2/graphene composite in KIB
	3.7 Transition metal dichalcogenides/graphene composite in Mg battery
	3.8 Conclusion
	Acknowledgments
	References
4 2D materials as the basis of supercapacitor devices
	4.1 Introducing supercapacitors
	4.2 Electric double layer
		4.2.1 The Helmholtz model
		4.2.2 The Gouy–Chapman model
		4.2.3 Stern modification of the diffuse double layer
		4.2.4 Electric double layer in supercapacitors
	4.3 Electric double-layer capacitance and the influence of scale
	4.4 Application of nanostructure electrode materials in electrochemical double-layer capacitance supercapacitors
		4.4.1 Electrochemical double-layer capacitance nanomaterials
			4.4.1.1 Porous carbon
			4.4.1.2 Carbon nanofibers, carbon nanotubes, and graphene
	4.5 Summary
	References
5 Organometallic hybrid perovskites for humidity and gas sensing applications
	5.1 Introduction
	5.2 Humidity sensing elements
	5.3 Gas sensing
	5.4 Conclusion and challenges
	References
6 Vacancy formation in 2D and 3D oxides
	6.1 Role of defects in 2D and 3D phases
	6.2 Effect and importance of oxygen vacancies on 2D and 3D materials
	6.3 Key quantities for the calculation of vacancy formations
		6.3.1 Calculation of vacancy formation energies
			6.3.1.1 Elemental energy (µele)
		6.3.2 Chemical potentials and reservoir conditions (Δµ)
		6.3.3 Entropy corrections
		6.3.4 Charge transition levels
		6.3.5 Charge carrier and defect concentrations
		6.3.6 General comparable predictions for the point defect formation from theory and experiments
			6.3.6.1 Atomic structure
			6.3.6.2 Scanning tunneling microscopy and spectroscopy
			6.3.6.3 Defect concentrations
			6.3.6.4 Nuclear magnetic resonance chemical shifts and Mössbauer spectroscopy
			6.3.6.5 Defect charge transition levels
	References
7 2D materials for smart energochromic sunscreen devices
	7.1 Introduction
	7.2 2D energochromic materials
		7.2.1 Photochromic materials
			7.2.1.1 Inorganic systems
			7.2.1.2 Organic systems
			7.2.1.3 Organic–inorganic systems
		7.2.2 2D thermochromic materials
			7.2.2.1 Passive thermochromic coatings
			7.2.2.2 Electrically controlled thermochromic materials
		7.2.3 2D electrochromic materials
			7.2.3.1 Inorganic systems
			7.2.3.2 Organic systems
			7.2.3.3 Polymeric systems
	7.3 Conclusion
	7.4 Acknowledgments
	References
8 2D thermoelectrics
	8.1 Introduction
		8.1.1 Thermoelectrics
		8.1.2 Benefit of 2D thermoelectrics
	8.2 Thermopower of 2D superlattices
	8.3 Electric field thermopower modulation of two-dimensional electron gas
		8.3.1 Method
		8.3.2 SrTiO3 [15,17,19]
		8.3.3 BaSnO3 [20]
		8.3.4 AlGaN/GaN interface [21]
	8.4 Summary
	References
9 Hydrogen storage in two-dimensional and three-dimensional materials
	9.1 Context
	9.2 Graphene and graphene-based structures
		9.2.1 Hydrogen sorption in graphene
		9.2.2 Nanostructures of graphene
		9.2.3 Functionalization of graphene
	9.3 3D structures from nanostructured 1D and 2D materials
		9.3.1 Aerogels
		9.3.2 Doped metal organic frameworks
	9.4 Conclusion
	References
	Further reading
10 2D nanomaterials for electrokinetic power generation
	10.1 Introduction
		10.1.1 Electrokinetic effect and streaming current
		10.1.2 Harvesting energy from streaming current
	10.2 Energy harvesting and 2D materials
		10.2.1 Fabrication of nanofluidic channels
			10.2.1.1 Graphene oxide
			10.2.1.2 2D transition metal dichalcogenides
			10.2.1.3 Boron nitride nanosheets
			10.2.1.4 Clay (kaolinite and vermiculite)
		10.2.2 Nanofluidic channels constructed by 2D nanomaterials
	10.3 Energy harvesting using 2D materials
		10.3.1 Pressure-driven energy harvesting
		10.3.2 Osmotic energy harvesting from salinity gradient
	10.4 Challenges and outlook
	Acknowledgment
	References
11 2D materials for solar fuels production
	11.1 Introduction
	11.2 Basic principles of photocatalysis for solar fuel production
	11.3 Heterojunctions
	11.4 2D photocatalysts for solar fuels production
	11.5 Concluding remarks
	References
12 Application of two-dimensional materials for electrochemical carbon dioxide reduction
	12.1 Introduction
	12.2 Background on electrochemical carbon dioxide reduction
		12.2.1 Thermodynamic process of electrochemical carbon dioxide reduction
		12.2.2 Performance parameters of electrochemical carbon dioxide reduction catalyst
		12.2.3 Product generation path of electrochemical carbon dioxide reduction
	12.3 Two-dimensional materials for electrochemical carbon dioxide reduction
		12.3.1 Elements
			12.3.1.1 Heteroatom-doped graphene
			12.3.1.2 Metals
		12.3.2 Nonmetallic compounds
			12.3.2.1 Boron nitride-based hybrids
			12.3.2.2 Graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4)
		12.3.3 Metallic compounds
			12.3.3.1 Transition-metal dichalcogenides
			12.3.3.2 Oxides
		12.3.4 Organics
			12.3.4.1 Metal-organic frameworks
			12.3.4.2 Covalent-organic frameworks
	12.4 Strategies for improving electrochemical carbon dioxide reduction activity of two-dimension materials
		12.4.1 Surface modification
		12.4.2 Surface-structure tuning
	12.5 Conclusion
	Acknowledgment
	References
Index
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