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ویرایش: Python
نویسندگان: Daniele Penazzo
سری:
ناشر: Daniele Penazzo
سال نشر: 2022
تعداد صفحات: 0
زبان: English
فرمت فایل : EPUB (درصورت درخواست کاربر به PDF، EPUB یا AZW3 تبدیل می شود)
حجم فایل: 15 مگابایت
در صورت تبدیل فایل کتاب 2D Game Development: From Zero To Hero: A compendium of the community knowledge on game design and development به فرمت های PDF، EPUB، AZW3، MOBI و یا DJVU می توانید به پشتیبان اطلاع دهید تا فایل مورد نظر را تبدیل نمایند.
توجه داشته باشید کتاب توسعه بازی دو بعدی: از صفر تا قهرمان: خلاصه ای از دانش جامعه در مورد طراحی و توسعه بازی نسخه زبان اصلی می باشد و کتاب ترجمه شده به فارسی نمی باشد. وبسایت اینترنشنال لایبرری ارائه دهنده کتاب های زبان اصلی می باشد و هیچ گونه کتاب ترجمه شده یا نوشته شده به فارسی را ارائه نمی دهد.
Foreword Introduction Why another game development book? Conventions used in this book Logic Conventions Code Listings Block Quotes Boxes Engine Used Structure of this Book The Maths Behind Game Development Some useful symbols The modulo operator Vectors Adding and Subtracting Vectors Scaling Vectors Dot Product Vector Length and Normalization “Clamping” a Vector Geometry Convex vs Concave polygons Self-intersecting polygons Straight Lines and their equations Getting the equation of a straight line, given two points Getting the equation, given the slope and a point Projections Projecting arbitrary lines on the axes Matrices What is a matrix Matrix sum and subtraction Multiplication by a scalar Transposition Multiplication between matrices Other uses for matrices Trigonometry Radians vs Degrees Sine, Cosine and Tangent Pythagorean Trigonometric Identity Reflections Shifts Trigonometric Addition and subtraction Double-Angle Formulae Inverse Formulas Numerical Analysis Newton-Raphson method Coordinate Systems on computers Transformation Matrices Stretching Rotation Choosing the direction of the rotation Rotating referred to an arbitrary point Shearing Some Computer Science Fundamentals Recursion Computers are (not) precise Catastrophic cancellation Random Numbers are not really random De Morgan’s Laws and Conditional Expressions Estimating the complexity of algorithms O(1) O(log(n)) O(n) O(n·log(n)) O(n2) O(2n) A primer on calculating the order of your algorithms Some basics What happens when we have more than one big-O? What do we do with recursive algorithms? How do big-O estimates compare to each other? Simplifying your conditionals with Karnaugh Maps “Don’t care”s A more complex map Guided Exercise Object Oriented Programming Introduction Objects Abstraction and Interfaces Inheritance and Polymorphism Mixins The Diamond Problem Composition Coupling The DRY Principle SOLID Principles “Composition over Inheritance” design Designing entities as data Reading UML diagrams Use Case Diagrams Actors Use Cases Notes Sub-Use Cases Class Diagrams Classes Interfaces Relationships between entities of the class diagram Notes Activity Diagrams Start and End Nodes Actions Decisions (Conditionals) and loops Synchronization Swimlanes Signals Notes A note on activity diagrams Sequence Diagrams Lifelines Messages Object Instantiation and Destruction Grouping and loops Notes Other diagrams Generic Programming Advanced Containers Dynamic Arrays Performance Analysis Linked Lists Performance Analysis Doubly-Linked Lists Hash Tables Binary Search Trees (BST) Heaps Stacks Queues Circular Queues Treating multidimensional structures like one-dimensional ones Data Redundancy Introduction to Multi-Tasking Coroutines Introduction to Multi-Threading What is Multi-Threading Why Multi-Threading? Thread Safety Race conditions Critical Regions Ensuring determinism Immutable Objects Mutex Atomic Operations A Game Design Dictionary Platforms Arcade Console Personal Computer Mobile Web Input Devices Mouse and Keyboard Gamepad Touch Screen Dedicated Hardware Other Input Devices Game Genres Shooters Strategy Platformer RPG MMO Simulation Rhythm Games Visual novels Project Management Basics and tips The figures of game design and development Producer/Project Manager Game Designer Writer Developer Visual Artist Sound Artist Tester Some generic tips Be careful of feature creep On project duration Brainstorming: the good, the bad and the ugly On Sequels Common Errors and Pitfalls Losing motivation The “Side Project” pitfall Making a game “in isolation” Mishandling Criticism Misusing of the Digital Millennium Copyright Act Not letting others test your game Being perfectionist Using the wrong engine Software Life Cycle Models Iteration versus Increment Waterfall Model Incremental Model Evolutionary Model Agile Software Development User Stories Scrum Kanban ScrumBan Lean Development Where to go from here Version Control Metrics and dashboards SLOC Cyclomatic Complexity Code Coverage Code Smells Coding Style breaches Depth of Inheritance Number of methods / fields / variables Number of parameters Other metrics Writing a Game Design Document What is a Game Design Document Possible sections of a Game Design Document Project Description Characters Storyline The theme Progression Levels and Environments Gameplay Goals Game Mechanics Skills Items/Powerups Difficulty Management and Progression Losing Conditions Graphic Style and Art Sound and Music User Interface Game Controls Accessibility Options Tools Marketing Target Audience Available Platforms Monetization Internationalization and Localization Other/Random Ideas Where to go from here The Game Loop The Input-Update-Draw Abstraction Input Events vs Real Time Input Timing your loop What is a time step Fixed Time Steps Variable Time Steps Semi-fixed Time Steps Frame Limiting Frame Skipping/Dropping Multithreaded Loops Issues and possible solutions Frame/Screen Tearing Drawing to screen Clearing the screen Collision Detection and Reaction Why Collision Detection is done in multiple passes Narrow-Phase Collision Detection: did it really collide? Collision Between Two Points Collision Between A Point and a Circle Collision Between Two Circles Collision Between Two Axis-Aligned Rectangles (AABB) Line/Point Collision Line/Circle Collision Point/Rectangle Collision Point/Triangle Collision Circle/Rectangle Collision Line/Line Collision Line/Rectangle Collision Point/Polygon Collision Jordan Curve Theorem Thinking outside the box: polygon triangulation Bounding Boxes Point/Polygon collision detection with triangles Circle/Polygon Collision Line/Polygon Collision Polygon/Polygon Collision Non-convex polygons collision Polygon triangulation: the return Pixel-Perfect collision Broad-phase collision detection: is a collision even possible? The Brute Force Method Building Quad Trees Building AABB-Trees Querying Other Collision Detection Methods Calculating the position of tiles Collision Reaction/Correction HitBoxes vs HurtBoxes Collision Reaction Methods A naive approach Shallow-axis based reaction method Interleaving single-axis movement and collision detection The “Snapshot” Method The “Tile + Offset” Method When two moving items collide Common Issues with time-stepping Collision Detection The “Bullet Through Paper” problem Precision Issues One-way obstacles Separating Axis Theorem Why only convex polygons? How it works Finding the axes to analyze Projecting the shapes into the axes and exiting the algorithm From arbitrary axes to “x and y” Ray Casting What is Ray Casting? Cameras Screen Space vs. Game Space Most used camera types Static Camera Grid Camera Position-Tracking Camera Horizontal-Tracking Camera Full-Tracking Camera Camera Trap Look-Ahead Camera Hybrid Approaches Clamping your camera position Game Design Tips Tutorials Do not pad tutorials Integrate tutorials in the lore Let the player explore the controls Consolidating and refreshing the game mechanics Remind the player about the mechanics they learned Introduce new ways to use old mechanics Rewarding the player Reward the player for their “lateral thinking” Reward the player for their tenacity Reward the player for exploring Reward the player for not immediately following the given direction Reward the player for not trusting you entirely Reward Backtracking (but don’t make it mandatory!) The “lives” system 1-UPs Loading Screens What to put in a loading screen Letting the player “exit” the loading screen Avoiding a loading screen altogether Designing the story and gameplay flow Linear Gameplay Branching gameplay Parallel gameplay Threaded gameplay Episodic gameplay Adding parallel paths Some game genres and their characteristics Roguelikes and Rogue-lites Use of pseudo-randomness and procedural generation Permadeath Turn-based Gameplay Lack of mode-based gameplay Multiple ways to accomplish (or fail!) a task Resource Management is key Peace was never an option Dealing with the unknown Tips and Tricks General Purpose Make that last Health Point count Avoiding a decision can be a decision itself Telegraphing Minigames When unlockables are involved, be balanced Shooters Make the bullets stand out RPGs Grinding and farming Leveling Curves Perceived Fairness You don’t need precise collision detection Immediate dangers should be well visible Miscellaneous You cannot use the “Red Cross” in games Auto-saving Feedback is important Creating your assets Assumptions Graphics Some computer graphics basics Color Depth Direct Color vs. Indexed Color Lossless Formats Lossy Formats Transparency Texture Filtering Nearest Neighbor Filtering Bilinear Filtering Trilinear Filtering General Tips Practice, Practice, Practice… References are your friends Don’t compare your style to others’ Study other styles Learn to deconstruct objects into shapes Sprite sheets Virtual Resolution Using limited color palettes Dithering Layering and graphics Detail attracts attention Use saturation to separate layers further Movement is yet another distraction Use contrast to your advantage Find exceptions Palette Swapping Pixel Art What pixel art is and what it is not Tools Layers Sub-pixel animation Normal Mapping A simple example Tips and Tricks Tiles Sprites and icons Sounds And Music Some audio basics Sample Rate Bit Depth Lossless Formats Lossy Formats Clipping Sound Synthesis AM Synthesis FM Synthesis Basic Wave Forms Sine Wave Square Wave Triangle Wave Sawtooth Wave Noise ADSR Envelope Attack Decay Sustain Release Digital Sound Processing (DSP) Reverb Pitch Shift Filtering Doppler Effect FM Synthesis vs Sample-based music Simulating older consoles’ audio Commodore Vic20 Commodore 64 Commodore Amiga Sega Master System / GameGear Sega Genesis/MegaDrive NES SNES AdLib / SoundBlaster “Swappable” sound effects Some audio processing tips Prefer cutting over boosting DAW Basics What is a DAW Software? The Piano Roll Music Tracker Basics What is a Music Tracker Software? Samples Instruments Channels Patterns Basic Rhythms Four on the floor Four on the floor with off-beat hi-hats Adaptive Music Fonts Font Categories Serif and Sans-Serif fonts Proportional and Monospaced fonts Using textures to make text Using Fonts to make text Shaders What are shaders Shader Programming Languages The GLSL Programming Language The data types Some GLSL Shaders examples Design Patterns Singleton Pattern Command Pattern Flyweight Observer Pattern Strategy Chain of Responsibility Component/Composite Pattern Dependency Injection Decorator Visitor Adapter Object Adapter Class Adapter Prototype Facade Service Locator Useful Containers and Classes Resource Manager Animator Finite State Machine Menu Stack Particle Systems Particles Generators Emitters Updaters Force Application Timers Accounting for “leftover time” A naive solution A different approach Inbetweening Bouncing Chaining Artificial Intelligence in Videogames Path Finding Representing our world 2D Grids Path nodes Navigation meshes Heuristics Manhattan Distance heuristic Euclidean Distance heuristic Algorithms A simple “Wandering” Algorithm A slightly better “Wandering” algorithm The Greedy “Best First” Algorithm The Dijkstra Algorithm The A* Algorithm Finite state machines Decision Trees Behaviour Trees Other Useful Algorithms World Generation Midpoint Displacement Algorithm Diamond-Square Algorithm Maze Generation Randomized Depth-First Search (Recursive Backtracker) Randomized Kruskal’s Algorithm Recursive Division Algorithm Binary Tree Algorithm Eller’s Algorithm Dungeon Generation Noise Generation Randomized Noise (Static) Perlin Noise Procedural Content Generation What is procedural generation (and what it isn’t) Advantages and disadvantages Advantages Less disk space needed Larger games can be created with less effort Lower budgets needed More variety and replayability Disadvantages Requires more powerful hardware Less Quality Control Worlds can feel repetitive or “lacking artistic direction” You may generate something unusable Story and set game events are harder to script Where it can be used Procedural Generation and Difficulty Management Static difficulty Adaptive Difficulty Rubberbanding Static vs. Adaptive Difficulty Developing Game Mechanics General Purpose I-Frames Scrolling Backgrounds and Parallax Scrolling Infinitely Scrolling Backgrounds Parallax Scrolling Avoid interactions between different input systems Sprite Stenciling/Masking Loading screens Simulating Inertia 2D Platformers Simulating Gravity Avoiding “Floaty Jumps” Ladders Walking on slanted ground Stairs Jump Buffering Coyote Time Timed Jumps Screen Wrap Top-view RPG-Like Games Managing height Rhythm Games The world of lag Input Lag Video Lag Audio Lag Lag Tests Synchronizing with the Music Time domain vs. Frequency Domain The Fast Fourier Transform Beat Detection “Bullet Hell” Style Games Bullets The Ship Hitbox Screen-clearing bombs Clearing bullets on pattern changes Find other chances to clear some bullets Turn enemy bullets into collectibles at the end of a boss fight The “Chain Meter” Managing the player’s death The Enemy AI Be fair to the player, but also to the computer Inertia Some examples Match-x Games Managing and drawing the grid Finding and removing Matches Why don’t we delete the matches immediately? Replacing the removed tiles and applying gravity Cutscenes Videos Scripted Cutscenes Balancing Your Game The “No BS” principle Always favour the player Economy Supply and Demand Money sources and sinks Inflation Deflation A primer on Cheating Information-based cheating Mechanics-based cheating Man-in-the-middle How cheating influences gameplay and enjoyability Single Player Multiplayer P2P Dedicated Servers Cheating protection Accessibility in videogames What accessibility is and what it is not UI and HUD Scaling Subtitles Mappable Buttons Button Toggling Dyslexia Text Spacing Fonts “Slow Mode” Colorblind mode No Flashing Lights No motion blur Reduced Motion Assisted Gameplay Controller Support Some special cases Testing your game When to test Testing “as an afterthought” Test-Driven Development The “Design to test” approach You won’t be able to test EVERYTHING Mocking Types of testing Automated Testing Manual Testing Unit Testing Integration Testing Regression Testing Playtesting In-House Testing Closed Beta Testing Open Beta Testing A/B Testing Profiling and Optimization Profiling your game Does your application really need profiling? Does your FPS counter roam around a certain “special” value? Is the animation of your game stuttering but the FPS counter is fine? First investigations Is your game using 100% of the CPU? Is your game overloading your GPU? Is your game eating up more and more RAM as it’s running? Optimizing your game Working with references vs. returning values Optimizing Drawing Reduce the calls to the Engine Routines Entity Cleanup and Memory leaks Using analyzers to detect Memory Leaks Static Scanners Dynamic testing tools Resource Pools Lookup Tables Memoization Approximations Eager vs. Lazy Evaluation Eager approach Lazy approach Tips and tricks Be mindful of your “updates” Dirty Bit Far-Away entities (Dirty Rectangles) Tweening is better than animating Remove dead code Non-Optimizations “Switches are faster than IFs” Blindly Applying Optimizations Marketing your game An Important Note: Keep your feet on the ground The importance of being consumer-friendly Pricing Penetrating the market with a low price Giving off a “premium” vibe with a higher price The magic of “9” Launch Prices Bundling Nothing beats the price of “Free” (Kinda) Managing Hype Downloadable Content DLC: what to avoid DLC: what to do Digital Rights Management (DRM) How DRM can break a game down the line Free-to-Play Economies and LootBoxes Microtransactions The human and social consequences of Lootboxes Free-to-Play gaming and Mobile Games Assets and asset Flips Crowdfunding Communication Is Key Do not betray your backers Don’t be greedy Stay on the “safe side” of planning Keep your promises, or exceed them A striking case: Mighty No. 9 Engagement vs Fun Streamers and Content Creators The game developers’ side The Streamers’ side Other entities and conclusions Keeping your players engaged Communities Forums Wikis Update Previews Speedrunning Replayability Modding Fan games Randomizing New Game+ Transmogrification Dissecting games: two study cases A bad game: Hoshi wo miru hito Introduction Balance Issues You can’t beat starter enemies The Damage Sponge Can’t run away from battles, but enemies can Statistics Bad design choices You get dropped in the middle of nowhere The starting town is invisible The Jump Ability Items are invisible Item management Buying Weapons makes you weaker Enemy Abilities You can soft lock yourself Confusing Choices Starting level for characters Slow overworld movement Exiting a dungeon or a town The Health Points UI Inconveniencing the player The battle menu order Every menu is a committal Password saves Each character has their own money stash Bugs and glitches Moonwalking and save warping The final maze The endings Conclusions A good game: Dark Souls Project Ideas Tic-Tac-Toe Basic Level Advanced Level Master Level Space Invaders Basic Level Advanced Level Master level Breakout Basic Level Advanced Level Master Level Shooter Arena Basic Level Advanced level Master Level Game Jams Have Fun Stay Healthy Stick to what you know Hacking is better than planning (But still plan ahead!) Graphics? Sounds? Music? FOCUS! Find creativity in limitations Involve Your Friends! Write a Post-Mortem (and read some too!) Most common pitfalls in Game Jams Where To Go From Here Collections of different topics Books Videos Multiple formats Pixel Art Multiple Formats Sound Design Multiple Formats Game Design Books Game Development Videos References and Cheat Sheets Glossary A C D E G H I K L M O P R S U W Engines, Libraries And Frameworks Game Maker Studio GDevelop GLFW Godot IRRlicht Löve MonoGame Ogre3D Panda3D SDL SFML Unity 3D Some other useful tools Graphics Aseprite Blender Gimp Inkscape Krita Laighter LibreSprite NormalMap-Online Piskel Pixelorama Shaders SHADERed Sounds and Music Audacity Bosca Ceoil Chiptone FamiStudio Helio LMMS MilkyTracker Rimshot SFXR/BFXR/CFXR Tenacity Maps Tiled Free assets and resources Openclipart.org Opengameart.org Freesound PublicDomainFiles CCMixter SoundBible.com Incompetech Contributors