21st Century Sociology: A Reference Handbook

CONTENTS......Page 3
PREFACE......Page 10
ABOUT THE EDITORS......Page 12
ABOUT THE CONTRIBUTORS......Page 16
PART I. The Discipline of Sociology......Page 33
1 The Sociological Perspective......Page 34
The Early Sociology......Page 35
The Foundation Of Social Science: Statistical Studies......Page 36
The Rise Of American Sociology......Page 37
The Substance Of The Sociological Perspective......Page 40
The Future Of Sociology In The 21st Century......Page 43
The History of Ideas......Page 47
The Rise of Probabilism......Page 50
Weber, Durkheim, and Early American Sociology......Page 51
The Sociological Research Program......Page 54
The Rise of Social Research......Page 57
From Specialization To Reunification: Prospects For The 21st Century......Page 58
The Varieties Of Histories Of Sociology......Page 60
The European Legacy......Page 61
The Emergence of American Sociology: 1850–1890......Page 62
The Founding of Academic Sociology: 1890–1920......Page 63
The Establishment of Professional Organizations......Page 65
Securing the Place of Sociology as the Science of Society and the Study of Social Change and Crises: 1920–1940......Page 66
The Emergence of Canadian Sociology......Page 68
Theoretical Schools and Perspectives......Page 69
Sociological Research......Page 71
Scholarly and Professional Associations......Page 72
U.S. Trends in Theory and Research......Page 73
The Development of Sociology in Canada......Page 74
Challenges Facing Sociology Early in the 21st Century......Page 75
The Rise And Fall Of Functional Theory......Page 77
The Persistence Of Ecological Theorizing......Page 78
The Challenge Of Biosocial Theorizing......Page 79
The Revival Of Conflict Theorizing......Page 80
Analytical Marxism......Page 81
Historical-Comparative Analysis......Page 82
Critical Theorizing......Page 83
Postmodern Theorizing......Page 84
Interaction Ritual Theorizing......Page 85
Exchange Theorizing......Page 86
The Cultural Turn In Sociological Theory......Page 87
The Continuing Debate over Science......Page 88
Conclusions......Page 89
PART II. International Perspectives......Page 90
1880s to Early 1940s: Japan......Page 91
1890s to 1950s: China......Page 92
1970s to 1990s: Diversification of Sociology in Japan......Page 93
1990s to the Present: Globalization of Sociology in Japan......Page 94
1979 to the Present: Robust Revival and Diversification of Chinese Sociology......Page 96
Similarities in the Developmentof Sociology between Japan and China......Page 97
Future: Glocalization......Page 98
Three Research Traditions In Canadian Sociology......Page 100
Ethnography in Canada......Page 101
The Historical Comparative Tradition in Canada......Page 102
Canadian Sociology As Optimally Marginal......Page 103
Marxism/Political Economy......Page 104
Sociology of Knowledge and Intellectuals......Page 105
Critical Criminology and Deviance......Page 106
The Future Of Canadian Sociology......Page 107
The Institutional Shape Of European Sociology......Page 109
The European Founding Fathers......Page 110
The Meaning Of Meaningful Behavior......Page 111
Critical Theory......Page 113
European Social Research......Page 115
Introduction: The Origins Of Victorian Sociology......Page 120
Individualism, Sociology, And Empire......Page 121
Social Stratification: Class, Race, And Gender......Page 122
Race And Race Relations......Page 123
Cultural Studies......Page 124
Sociology of the Body......Page 125
Conclusion: Sociology And The Affluent Society......Page 126
PART III. The Scientific Approach to the Study of Society......Page 127
9 Qualitative Methodology......Page 128
Qualitative Research As A Process......Page 129
Politics And Reemergent Scientism......Page 130
Research Styles: Doing The Same Things Differently?......Page 131
Securing Rich Descriptions......Page 132
Feminist, Ethnic, Marxist, Cultural Studies, And Queer Theory Models......Page 133
The Crisis Of Representation......Page 134
Coping With The Present......Page 135
Back To The Future......Page 136
History Of Sociological Quantification......Page 138
Probability Sampling......Page 139
Mathematical Sociology......Page 140
Interval and Ratio......Page 141
Implications......Page 142
Historical Comparisons......Page 143
Prospects For The 21st Century......Page 146
11 Comparative Historical Sociology......Page 148
Origins......Page 149
Major Themes And Works......Page 150
Marx and Weber......Page 151
World-systems Theory......Page 152
Nation-States......Page 153
Social Class and Labor......Page 155
Revolutions......Page 156
Methodological And Epistemological Considerations......Page 157
The Future Of Comparative Historical Sociology......Page 158
PART IV. The Fabric of Social Life......Page 159
12 The Sociology Of Culture......Page 160
The Classical Heritage......Page 161
The Structuralist Turn In The Study Of Culture......Page 162
The Semiotic Turn In Marxist Theorizing......Page 163
The Cultural Turn In Sociology......Page 164
The Practice Turn In The Study Of Culture......Page 167
The Global Turn In The Study Of Culture......Page 168
Methodological Approaches To The Sociological Study Of Culture......Page 169
Future Directions In The Sociological Study Of Culture......Page 170
13 The Sociology Of Socialization......Page 173
The Structure Of Socialization......Page 175
Schools and Socialization into Social Class......Page 176
Peer Group and Cohort Socialization......Page 177
Socialization Into Gender, Race, And The Life Course......Page 178
The Influence of the Mass Media on Gender Socialization......Page 179
Life-Course Socialization......Page 180
Summation: Prospects For Future Development In Socialization Theory......Page 181
14 Social Psychology......Page 183
History Of Social Psychology......Page 184
Symbolic Interaction......Page 185
Social Exchange Theory......Page 186
Expectation States Theory......Page 187
Other Areas Of Interest......Page 188
Prospects For The 21st Century......Page 189
PART V. Social Aggregations......Page 191
15 The Sociology Of Social Structure......Page 192
Institutional or Cultural Vision......Page 193
Some Attempts at Synthesis......Page 194
The Problem Of The Levels Of Social Structure......Page 196
The Problem Of Structure And Action......Page 197
Concluding Remarks......Page 199
16 The Sociology Of Group Dynamics......Page 201
Status And Status Effects......Page 202
Legitimation......Page 203
Justice......Page 204
Exchange......Page 205
Cooperation And Competition......Page 206
New Directions And New Innovations......Page 207
17 The Sociology Of Organization......Page 209
Organizational Sociology In The United States......Page 210
Developing Approaches......Page 211
Changing Context For Organizational Sociology......Page 214
Conclusion: The Fracturing Of Organizational Sociology In The 21st Century?......Page 216
The History......Page 218
Societal Changes......Page 219
Organizational Changes......Page 221
A Sociology-Based Explanation for the British Industrial Revolution......Page 223
Understanding the Implications of Globalization......Page 224
The Future Of Industrial Societies......Page 225
Summary......Page 226
19 The Sociology of Voluntary Associations......Page 227
Typologies Of Voluntary Associations......Page 228
Age and the Life Course......Page 229
Race......Page 230
Cross-National Differences......Page 231
Psychological Well-Being......Page 232
Historical Studies......Page 233
Structural Ecology......Page 234
Civil Society......Page 235
The Future Of Voluntary Association Research......Page 236
The Roots Of A Social Network Perspective In Sociology......Page 238
Main Contributions: Principles Underlying The Social Network Perspective......Page 240
Network Basics......Page 242
The Whole, Complete, or Full Network Approach......Page 243
The Local or Ego-Centered Approach......Page 245
The Social Capital Tradition......Page 246
The Multidisciplinary Evolution and Prominence of Social Networks......Page 247
21 Work And Occupations......Page 248
Work And Occupations In American Sociology......Page 249
Blue Collar Work......Page 251
The Professions......Page 253
Service Occupations......Page 254
The Future of Work and Occupations......Page 255
PART VI. Social Distinctions and Diversity......Page 257
22 Social Stratification......Page 258
A History Of Social Stratification In American Versus European Sociology......Page 259
Class Categories and the Meaning of Class......Page 260
Social Mobility And Status Attainment......Page 261
Modern World-Systems Theory and Research......Page 263
Research On Poverty......Page 264
Globalization And The Future Of Domestic Systems Of Social Stratification......Page 265
23 The Sociology Of Racial And Ethnic Relations......Page 267
Classical Theoretical Perspectives Of Race And Ethnic Relations......Page 268
Post–civil Rights Sociological Controversies In Racial And Ethnic Relations......Page 270
Macrosociological Research......Page 272
Microsociological Research......Page 273
Bringing Sociology Into The Public’s Understanding Of Race And Ethnicity......Page 274
The Prospects Of Racial And Ethnic Relations In Sociology During The 21st Century......Page 276
24 The Sociology Of Gender......Page 277
Theorizing Gender......Page 278
Heterosexual Normality And Biological/social Reproduction......Page 280
Bodies, Sex, And Gender......Page 281
Gender And Future Research: What Might Be Done......Page 282
Symbolic Interactionism......Page 284
Sexual Strategies Theory......Page 285
Autoeroticism......Page 286
Dyadic Relationships......Page 287
Childhood (Birth–7 Years)......Page 288
Adolescence (13–19 Years)......Page 289
Sexuality and Aging......Page 290
Race/Ethnicity......Page 291
Television......Page 292
Pornography......Page 293
The Future......Page 294
PART VII. Social Institutions......Page 295
26 The Sociology Of Love, Courtship, And Dating......Page 296
Love Typologies And Theories......Page 297
Theories of Courtship......Page 298
Relationship Troubles......Page 299
Future Directions For The 21st Century......Page 300
27 Marriage and Divorce in the United States......Page 302
Public Pronouncements And Vital Social Statistics......Page 303
Marriage......Page 304
Divorce......Page 305
The Social Myth Surrounding Divorce......Page 306
The Marriage And Divorce Data......Page 307
Marriage And Divorce In The 21st Century......Page 316
28 Family Sociology In The 21st Century......Page 319
Family Sociology And Family History......Page 320
Paradigm Shifts In Family Sociology......Page 321
Conceptual Frameworks And Family Theory......Page 322
Substantive Trends In Family Studies......Page 323
Ideological Influences On Family Sociology......Page 324
Analysis of Global Trends......Page 325
29 The Sociology Of Religion......Page 327
Durkheim and the Functionalists......Page 328
The Religious Marketplace......Page 329
The Religious Experience......Page 330
Conversion and Commitment......Page 331
Religion And Social Structure......Page 332
Religion In An Age Of Globalization......Page 333
The Future Of The Sociology Of Religion......Page 334
30 Political Sociology......Page 335
Historical Development Of The Field......Page 336
Theoretical Approaches......Page 337
Content Areas......Page 338
Future Directions......Page 340
31 The Sociology Of Education......Page 341
Theoretical Orientations......Page 342
Major Issues......Page 344
The Future......Page 346
32 Economic Sociology......Page 349
Social Networks......Page 350
Power and Change in the Corporate Form in America......Page 351
National Economic Institutions......Page 352
Agency and Economic Institutions......Page 353
Change in National Economic Institutions......Page 354
National Management Institutions......Page 355
Networks And Roles: On The Shoulders Of Durkheim......Page 356
Networks and Economic Development......Page 357
Roles and Institutions in the Transition to Capitalism......Page 358
Conclusion......Page 359
Historical Roots......Page 361
Medical Sociology and Medical Education......Page 363
Medical Sociology as Sociology: Or, What Makes Medical Sociology Sociological?......Page 364
Theoretical Passages through Medical Sociology......Page 365
Emerging Themes......Page 367
Conclusion......Page 368
34 The Sociology Of Law......Page 369
What Is Law And How Does It Work?......Page 371
Law And Social Action......Page 373
Law And Inequality......Page 378
Law And Social Change......Page 381
Conclusion......Page 382
35 Military Sociology......Page 383
World War II......Page 384
The Cold War......Page 385
The Vietnam War......Page 386
The Current State Of Knowledge......Page 387
PART VIII. Societal Problems and Disaffections......Page 391
A Brief History Of The Study Of Social Problems In The United States......Page 392
What Is A Social Problem? Textbook Definitions......Page 393
The Field Today: Trends in \"Social Problems\" Textbooks......Page 394
Paradigm Assumptions And Defining Social Problems......Page 395
The Causes Of Social Movements And Their Impact On Definitions Of Social Problems......Page 396
Civil Rights Movement......Page 397
Solutions To Social Problems......Page 398
Basic Themes And Theories......Page 400
Constructionist, Radical, And Feminist Critiques......Page 402
Positive Deviance, Admired Deviance, and Negative Deviance......Page 403
Control Balance Theory......Page 404
Properties of Deviant Phenomena......Page 405
Bridging Forms of Deviance......Page 406
Specification and Application of Basic Sociological Concepts......Page 407
Bridging the Quantitative-Qualitative Divide......Page 408
Summary......Page 409
38 Sexual Deviance......Page 410
Witchcraft As Sexual Deviance......Page 411
Sexual Deviance And Sociology......Page 412
CONCEPTUALIZING SEXUAL, DEVIANCE, AND SEXUAL DEVIANCE The Sexual Realm......Page 413
Sexual Deviance......Page 415
The Humphreys Heritage......Page 416
Toward a Nondeviant Status for Homosexuality......Page 417
Public Opinion and Sexual Deviance......Page 418
Discussion And Conclusion......Page 419
Measuring Crime......Page 420
Age......Page 423
Race......Page 424
Explaining Crime......Page 425
Preventing Crime......Page 427
Conclusion......Page 428
40 The Sociology Of Gambling......Page 429
Current Sociological Perspectives On Gambling......Page 430
Researching Gambling In The 21st Century......Page 431
Gambling And Public Policy......Page 432
Linkages With Other Sociological Perspectives......Page 433
Technology, Change, And The Future......Page 434
41 Alcohol Abuse And Alcoholism......Page 435
The Emergence Of The Sociology Of Alcohol-related Issues......Page 436
The First Stream: Sociology, Alcohol Abuse, And Social Problems......Page 438
The Second Stream: Sociology And The Causes Of Alcoholism......Page 440
The Second Stream: Sociology And The Treatment Of Alcoholism......Page 441
The Third Stream: Sociology And Social Integration......Page 443
42 The Sociology Of Drug Use......Page 445
Bingham Dai......Page 446
Edwin Schur......Page 447
Implications Of Early Sociological Insights......Page 448
Self-Control......Page 449
Conflict......Page 450
Patterns In Drug Use......Page 451
The Effectiveness of Treatment Programs......Page 453
The Future Of The Sociology Of Drug Use......Page 454
43 Juvenile Delinquency......Page 455
Unknown......Page 0
Influence of Positivism......Page 456
The Emergence Of Sociological Theory......Page 457
The Use of Drugs and Its Relationship to Delinquent Behavior......Page 458
Sociological Explanations of Delinquent Behavior......Page 459
Is Delinquent Behavior Rational?......Page 461
Human Agency and Delinquency across the Life Course......Page 462
Delinquency Prevention......Page 463
The Relationship Of Sociology And Corrections......Page 464
The Goals Of Corrections......Page 465
Historical Background And The Changing Panorama Of Corrections......Page 466
Community Corrections......Page 467
Prison and Jail Milieu......Page 468
Correctional Jurisdictions......Page 469
Current Correctional Populations......Page 470
Sociology And Corrections In The 21st Century......Page 471
PART IX. Locality and Social Life......Page 472
A Brief Outline Of The Early Development Of Human Ecological Theory......Page 473
Understanding The Development Of Ecological Thought......Page 475
Human Ecology Distilled......Page 477
Technological Change......Page 478
Communication Technology and Ecological Expansion......Page 479
Mismatches and Surplus Populations......Page 480
Human Ecology In Perspective......Page 481
Paths To The Future......Page 482
The Conception Of Community In Classical Social Theory......Page 484
1920 to 1950......Page 485
1951 to 1990......Page 486
Liberated and Online Communities......Page 489
Race, Ethnicity, Gender, and Community......Page 490
The Relevance Of Community In 21st Century Social Life......Page 491
47 Rural Sociology......Page 494
Distinct Attributes Of The Field......Page 496
Rural Sociological Research: The First Five Decades......Page 497
The Sociology of Agriculture......Page 498
Rural Inequality Research......Page 500
Environment and Natural Resources Sociology......Page 501
Future Development Of Rural Sociology......Page 502
48 Urban Sociology In The 21st Century......Page 505
The City As An Object Of Study......Page 506
Cities In A Global Economy......Page 507
The Intersection Of Global Processes And Cities......Page 508
National And Transnational Urban Systems......Page 509
Globalization And National Urban Systems In The Global South......Page 510
A New Transnational Political Geography......Page 512
Global Cities And Diasporic Networks......Page 513
A Politics Of Places And Global Circuits......Page 514
Conclusion......Page 515
Migration As A Multidisciplinary Field Of Study......Page 516
Migration Studies And American Sociology......Page 518
Migration Networks, Cumulative Causation, And Perpetuation Of Migration......Page 519
Migration, Race, And Poverty......Page 521
The Future Of Migration Research......Page 522
50 The Sociology Of Development......Page 525
Dominant Assistance Paradigms......Page 526
Economic and Political Context......Page 527
Responses from the South......Page 528
Economic and Political Context......Page 529
Dominant Assistance Paradigms......Page 530
Questioning the Modernization Goals......Page 531
Alternative Development Paradigm......Page 532
Dominant Assistance Paradigms......Page 533
Responses from the South......Page 534
PART X. The Quantification of Social Life......Page 536
What Is Demography?......Page 537
Demographic Materials......Page 539
The Infrastructure of Demography......Page 540
Demographic Praxis......Page 541
Male Fertility......Page 542
Biosocial Models of Demography......Page 543
Sexual Orientation......Page 544
Conclusion......Page 546
Social Indicators in the 1960s......Page 547
Social Indicators in the 1990s and 2000s......Page 548
Policy/Welfare/Criterion Indicators......Page 549
Descriptive Social Indicators......Page 550
The Enlightenment Function......Page 551
A Sociological Model For The Uses Of Social Indicators......Page 552
Prospects For The Future......Page 554
PART XI. Collective Behavior and Social Movements......Page 556
Historical Overview Of The Field......Page 557
Diverging Perspectives In The Collective Behavior Tradition......Page 558
Other Writers......Page 559
Emergent Norm......Page 561
Value Added......Page 562
The Social Behavioral Interactional Perspective......Page 563
Continued Relevance Of The Approach......Page 564
Emergence Embedded in Institutionalization......Page 565
Boundaries......Page 566
Theoretical Inclusiveness......Page 567
Precis......Page 568
54 Social Movements......Page 569
Significance Of Social Movements In Sociology......Page 570
Defining Social Movements......Page 571
Development Of Social Movements......Page 572
Mobilization: Constructing Political Opportunity......Page 573
What Movements Do......Page 574
Public Policy......Page 575
Culture......Page 576
Future Prospects For The Field......Page 577
55 Mass Communications......Page 578
Origins: Propaganda And Advertising......Page 579
Content......Page 580
Communicators......Page 582
The Audience......Page 584
Future Directions......Page 585
PART XII. Society In Motion......Page 588
Theories Of Social Evolution......Page 589
The Course Of Social Evolution......Page 590
Evolutionism And Historical Sociology......Page 591
Revolutions And State Breakdowns......Page 592
Social Movements......Page 593
The World-system And The Institutions Of Modernity......Page 594
Globalization And Economic Development......Page 595
Late Modernity And Postmodernity......Page 596
Future Prospects......Page 597
Historical, Political Economic Systems Theory......Page 598
World Systems Theory......Page 599
Actor-Oriented, Dynamic Systems Theories......Page 601
Capitalist Systems: Toward A New Synthesis......Page 602
Defining Cultural and Structural Properties......Page 603
Core Mechanisms and the Logic of Capitalist Functioning......Page 604
The Future of Globalizing Capitalism......Page 609
Concluding Remarks......Page 611
VOLUME ONE NOTES......Page 612
VOLUME ONE REFERENCES......Page 617