1986 Annual Progress In Child Psychiatry

BOOK COVER......Page 1
HALF-TITLE......Page 2
TITLE......Page 3
COPYRIGHT......Page 4
CONTENTS......Page 5
ANNUAL PROGRESS IN CHILD PSYCHIATRY AND CHILD DEVELOPMENT 1986......Page 9
Part I INFANCY STUDIES......Page 10
1 Immediate and Deferred Imitation in Fourteen- and Twenty-Four-Month-Old Infants......Page 12
Method......Page 15
Results and Discussion......Page 16
Results and Discussion......Page 18
GENERAL DISCUSSION......Page 19
Design Implications......Page 20
Implications for Infant Memory......Page 21
REFERENCES......Page 23
2 Consistency of Mothers’ Behavior Toward Infant Siblings......Page 25
Maternal Behavior Measures......Page 27
Descriptive Statistics......Page 29
Factor Analysis......Page 30
Age Gap Between Siblings......Page 31
Biological and Adoptive Siblings......Page 32
DISCUSSION......Page 33
REFERENCES......Page 34
Part II DEVELOPMENTAL ISSUES......Page 36
3 Constructing Psychology: Making Facts and Fables for Our Times......Page 38
SOCIOCULTURAL BIASES IN KNOWLEDGE......Page 39
SCIENCE AS RULES OF KNOWING......Page 40
Proximal and Distal Variables: Is One Set More Real?......Page 41
PERSUASIVE MODELS......Page 42
Correlated Events......Page 43
Direct and Indirect Inferences......Page 44
Parental Predictors......Page 45
Child Predictors......Page 48
Confounded Truths......Page 50
Making Models Plausible......Page 52
IMPLICATIONS FOR SCIENCE AND INTERVENTION......Page 54
REFERENCES......Page 55
4 Risk and Resilience in Early Mental Development......Page 57
METHOD AND PROCEDURE......Page 58
RESULTS......Page 59
Risk and Mental Development......Page 60
Infants Below 1,750 g......Page 61
Recovery and Socioeconomic Status......Page 63
Multiple Regression Analysis......Page 64
Within-Pair Comparisons for LBW Twins......Page 66
Risk and Resilence......Page 68
REFERENCES......Page 69
5 Early Experience, Relative Plasticity, and Social Development......Page 70
SENSITIVE PERIODS......Page 71
SOCIAL BEHAVIOR IN NONHUMAN PRIMATES AND CANIDS......Page 73
SOCIAL BEHAVIOR IN HUMANS......Page 76
Early Experience and Normal Social Development......Page 80
CONCLUSION......Page 81
REFERENCES......Page 82
6 The Psychic Life of the Young Infant: Review and Critique of the Psychoanalytic Concepts of Symbiosis and Infantile Omnipotence......Page 87
Freud, Ferenczi and M.Klein......Page 88
Loewald, Jacobson and Modell......Page 90
Direct Psychoanalytic Applications to Infants: Spitz and Mahler......Page 91
EPISTEMOLOGICAL FACTORS......Page 93
BEHAVIORAL FACTORS......Page 95
Is the 3–6-Month-Old Infant Symbiotic?......Page 96
Does the Infant Feel Omnipotent?......Page 97
SOURCES OF INFERENTIAL ERROR......Page 98
Ascriptive Processes......Page 99
CONCLUSION......Page 101
REFERENCES......Page 102
7 Looking Out from the Isolator: David’s Perception of the World......Page 108
Observations......Page 109
LITERATURE AND COMMENTS......Page 113
REFERENCES......Page 114
Part III GENDER IDENTITY......Page 115
8 Changes in Thinking about Early Sex Role Development......Page 117
Method......Page 120
Results......Page 122
STUDY 2......Page 123
Results......Page 124
DISCUSSION......Page 125
REFERENCES......Page 126
9 The Development of Sex Typing: Themes from Recent Research......Page 129
CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK......Page 130
Activities and Interests......Page 132
Personal-Social Attributes......Page 133
COGNITIVE BASES OF SEX TYPING......Page 134
Age Trends......Page 135
Cognition and Behavior......Page 136
REFERENCES......Page 138
10 The Cultural Context of Gender Segregation in Children’s Peer Groups......Page 142
METHOD......Page 143
Analysis......Page 144
RESULTS......Page 145
DISCUSSION......Page 146
REFERENCES......Page 148
11 Extreme Boyhood Femininity: Isolated Behavior or Pervasive Disorder?......Page 149
Procedures......Page 152
Assessment Methods......Page 153
CBCL Scores......Page 154
Clinical Findings......Page 155
CONCLUSIONS AND DISCUSSION......Page 156
REFERENCES......Page 159
12 Gender Identity in Childhood and Later Sexual Orientation: Follow-Up of 78 Males......Page 161
METHOD......Page 162
RESULTS......Page 163
REFERENCES......Page 165
13 An Immunoreactive Theory of Selective Male Affliction......Page 167
THE STRUCTURE OF SEX DIFFERENCES......Page 171
MATERNAL INSUFFICIENCY AND NEGATIVE PARITY EFFECTS......Page 174
THE EXISTENCE OF AN EVOCATIVE PRINCIPLE: THE ANTIGENIC CHARACTER OF THE MALE FETUS......Page 176
MATERNAL IMMUNE ATTACK......Page 180
BRAIN AS THE TARGET OF IMMUNE ATTACK......Page 181
THE IMMUNOREACTIVE THEORY......Page 183
HYPOTHESES ENGENDERED BY THE THEORY......Page 184
The Primiparity Effect......Page 185
Sex Differences in Parity Effects......Page 186
Parity Effects and IQ......Page 188
Subfertility......Page 189
Additional Hypotheses......Page 190
REFERENCES......Page 191
Part IV SOCIOCULTURAL ISSUES......Page 199
14 Self-Concepts Among Afro-American Students in Racially Isolated Minority Schools: Some Regional Differences......Page 201
METHOD......Page 202
Procedures......Page 203
Comparison of TSCS Scores of Southern and Nonsouthern RIM Schools......Page 204
Family Background Data......Page 207
DISCUSSION......Page 208
Self-Concept Among Afro-American Junior High School Students in Southern RIM Schools......Page 209
Self-Concept among Afro-American Junior High School Students in Nonsouthern RIM Schools......Page 210
CONCLUSION......Page 211
REFERENCES......Page 212
15 Therapeutic Value of Documenting Child Survivors......Page 214
DEFINITION OF A CHILD SURVIVOR......Page 215
THE THERAPEUTIC IMPACT......Page 217
REFERENCES......Page 218
16 Soviet Children and the Threat of Nuclear War: A Preliminary Study......Page 219
Interviews......Page 221
Questionnaire Study......Page 222
Interviews......Page 224
Questionnaire Responses......Page 228
CONCLUSIONS......Page 234
REFERENCES......Page 235
17 Family Interaction Patterns Among Japanese-American and Caucasian Families in Hawaii......Page 237
Family Interaction......Page 238
Couple Interaction......Page 240
DISCUSSION......Page 241
REFERENCES......Page 243
18 Cognitive Performance and Academic Achievement of Japanese, Chinese, and American Children......Page 244
Subjects......Page 246
Cognitive Tasks......Page 247
Tests of School Achievement......Page 250
Procedure......Page 251
Cultural Differences......Page 252
Factor Analyses......Page 257
Classroom Analyses......Page 258
School Achievement......Page 260
Regression Analyses......Page 261
DISCUSSION......Page 264
REFERENCES......Page 265
Part V TEMPERAMENT STUDIES......Page 266
19......Page 269
RELATED BACKGROUND STUDIES......Page 270
Subjects......Page 271
Neonatal Assessment......Page 272
Laboratory Assessment of Infant Temperament......Page 273
Neonatal Assessment......Page 274
Predictive Relations......Page 275
Discriminant Function......Page 276
DISCUSSION......Page 277
REFERENCES......Page 279
20 Ratings of Temperament in Families of Young Twins......Page 281
Temperament Measures......Page 283
Factor Analyses of the Child EASI Terms......Page 284
Mean Differences Between Groups......Page 285
Assortative Mating and Projective Rating......Page 286
Origins of Individual Differences in Temperament......Page 288
DISCUSSION......Page 290
REFERENCES......Page 291
21 Temperament in Infants Born Prematurely......Page 293
METHOD......Page 294
RESULTS......Page 295
DISCUSSION......Page 297
REFERENCES......Page 299
22 Value of Difficult Temperament Among 7-Year-Olds in the General Population for Predicting Psychiatric Diagnosis at Age 12......Page 301
METHOD......Page 302
RESULTS......Page 303
DISCUSSION......Page 304
REFERENCES......Page 305
Part VI CHILDREN OF DIVORCE......Page 306
23 Long-Term Effects of Divorce and Remarriage on the Adjustment of Children......Page 307
Procedure......Page 309
Stability of Problem Behavior and Competence......Page 312
Life Change and Instability in Behavior......Page 317
Long-Term Outcomes of Divorce and Remarriage......Page 318
DISCUSSION......Page 321
REFERENCES......Page 322
24 Children of Divorce: Preliminary Report of a Ten-Year Follow-up of Older Children and Adolescents......Page 324
METHOD AND SAMPLE......Page 325
EARLIER FINDINGS......Page 326
GOALS AT THE 10-YEAR MARK......Page 327
SCHOOL AND EMPLOYMENT......Page 328
THEIR RESPONSE TO THE INTERVIEWS......Page 329
VIEW OF THE DIVORCED FAMILY......Page 330
ANGER......Page 331
A SUBGROUP OF YOUNG WOMEN......Page 333
SOME SIBLING RELATIONSHIPS......Page 334
REFERENCES......Page 335
Part VII DEPRESSION IN CHILDHOOD AND ADOLESCENCE......Page 336
25 Developmental Considerations in the Study of Childhood Depression......Page 337
SYMPTOMS AND SYNDROMES......Page 339
THEORIES OF DEPRESSION......Page 342
Biological Theories......Page 343
Psychoanalytic Theories......Page 347
Behavioral Theories......Page 349
Cognitive Theories......Page 352
CONCLUDING COMMENTS......Page 356
REFERENCES......Page 357
26 Depressive Symptoms and Suicidal Behavior in Adolescents......Page 365
RESULTS......Page 366
DISCUSSION......Page 370
REFERENCES......Page 372
Part VIII AUTISM......Page 374
27 Neurophysiology of Infantile Autism......Page 376
NEUROPHYSIOLOGIC STUDIES RELEVANT TO THE TELENCEPHALIC HYPOTHESIS......Page 377
NEUROPHYSIOLOGIC STUDIES RELEVANT TO THE BRAINSTEM-DIENCEPHALIC HYPOTHESIS......Page 379
RECENTLY COMPLETED VESTIBULAR STUDIES......Page 382
COMPARISON OF THE BRAINSTEM-DIENCEPHALIC AND TELENCEPHALIC HYPOTHESES: POPULATION CHARACTERISTICS OR SUBGROUPS; DEVIANT RESPONSES OR DEVELOPMENTAL DELAYS......Page 384
POSSIBLE RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN THE BRAINSTEM-DIENCEPHALIC AND TELENCEPHALIC HYPOTHESES......Page 387
REFERENCES......Page 389
28 Autistic Children as Adults: Psychiatric, Social, and Behavioral Outcomes......Page 394
Subjects......Page 395
Additional Measures......Page 396
Symptom Patterns and Behavioral Characteristics......Page 397
Adaptive Functioning......Page 401
Parental Status and Experiences......Page 403
DISCUSSION......Page 405
REFERENCES......Page 406
29 Concordance for the Syndrome of Autism in 40 Pairs of Afflicted Twins......Page 408
DISCUSSION......Page 410
REFERENCES......Page 413
Part IX OTHER CLINICAL ISSUES......Page 414
30 Epidemiology of Child Psychiatric Disorder: Methodological Issues and Some Substantive Findings......Page 416
Anorexia Nervosa......Page 417
Emotional and Conduct Disorders......Page 418
Administrative Statistics......Page 419
QUESTIONNAIRE SURVEYS......Page 420
Two Stage Interview Surveys......Page 421
Diagnosis and Classification......Page 422
CAUSAL MECHANISMS......Page 423
Organic Brain Dysfunction......Page 424
‘Minimal Brain Dysfunction’......Page 425
Temperamental Risk Factors......Page 426
Parental Mental Disorder......Page 427
CONCLUSION......Page 428
REFERENCES......Page 429
31 Obstetric Drugs and Infant Behavior; A Reevaluation......Page 434
THE PROBLEM OF CONFOUNDING......Page 435
Controlled Versus Noncontrolled Studies......Page 436
FAULTY STATISTICAL ANALYSIS......Page 437
CONCLUSION......Page 438
REFERENCES......Page 439
32 Assessment and Therapeutic Intervention of Black Children......Page 441
THE ONE-PARENT/ABSENT FATHER FAMILY......Page 442
“RICHES AND POVERTY” IN “CULTURAL DEPRIVATION”......Page 443
Sketches from the Literature......Page 444
CONSULTATION SERVICES......Page 445
Crisis Intervention and Brief/Focused Psychotherapy......Page 446
INDIVIDUAL PSYCHOTHERAPY......Page 447
SUMMARY......Page 449
REFERENCES......Page 450
33 Neuropharmacology of Methylphenidate and a Neural Substrate for Childhood Hyperactivity......Page 452
METHYLPHENIDATE: PHARMACOLOGIC AND PHARMACOKINETIC INVESTIGATIONS......Page 453
STIMULANTS AND NEUROLEPTICS......Page 456
RATE DEPENDENCY......Page 458
A NEURAL HYPOTHESIS OF CHILDHOOD HYPERACTIVITY......Page 459
SUMMARY......Page 460
REFERENCES......Page 461
34 The Traumatic Impact of Child Sexual Abuse: A Conceptualization......Page 468
FOUR TRAUMAGENIC DYNAMICS......Page 469
TRAUMAGENIC DYNAMICS IN THE IMPACT OF SEXUAL ABUSE......Page 471
Traumatic Sexualization......Page 473
Powerlessness......Page 474
CLINICAL ASSESSMENT USING THE MODEL OF TRAUMAGENIC DYNAMICS......Page 475
TRAUMAGENESIS BEFORE AND AFTER ABUSE......Page 476
REFERENCES......Page 477
35 Psychological Adaptation of Siblings of Chronically Ill Children: Research and Practice Implications......Page 480
DESCRIPTIVE AND CONTROLLED STUDIES......Page 481
CONCEPT AND METHOD IN STUDIES OF SIBLING ADAPTATION......Page 484
TOWARD A FAMILY-CENTERED PERSPECTIVE OF SIBLING ADAPTATION......Page 485
CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS......Page 486
SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS FOR FUTURE RESEARCH......Page 487
REFERENCES......Page 489
Part X INTERVENTION PROGRAMS......Page 493
36 Assessing Head Start at 20: An Invited Commentary......Page 495
REFERENCES......Page 499
37 On the Efficacy of Early Intervention Programs......Page 501
REFERENCES......Page 505
38 The Clinician as Advocate—Interventions in Court Settings: Opportunities, Responsibilities, and Hazards......Page 506