150 Years of the Periodic Table: A Commemorative Symposium

Contents
About the Editors
1 Editors’ Introduction
	Abstract
	1.1 International Year of the Periodic Table (IYPT2019)
	1.2 150 Years of the Periodic Table: Symposium at American Chemical Society San Diego Meeting
	1.3 150 Years of the Periodic Table: The Present Volume
		1.3.1 Mendeleev and His Predecessors
		1.3.2 Discoveries of Elements: Successes and Challenges
		1.3.3 The Periodic Table from Other Perspectives
	1.4 The End of the Beginning
	References
Mendeleev and His Predecessors
2 Dmitri Mendeleev and the Periodic System: Philosophy, Periodicity, and Predictions
	Abstract
	2.1 Introduction
	2.2 Classification Before Mendeleev
		2.2.1 Before 1860
			2.2.1.1 Gmelin
			2.2.1.2 Gladstone
			2.2.1.3 Cooke
		2.2.2 The 1860s
			2.2.2.1 Chancourtois
			2.2.2.2 Hinrichs
			2.2.2.3 Odling
			2.2.2.4 Newlands
			2.2.2.5 Meyer
	2.3 Mendeleev’s Periodic Law
		2.3.1 Mendeleev’s Writings on the Periodic Law
	2.4 Philosophical Conception of the Chemical Element
	2.5 Predictions and Adjustments
		2.5.1 Leaving Gaps and Predicting Characteristics
			2.5.1.1 Gallium
			2.5.1.2 Scandium
			2.5.1.3 Germanium
		2.5.2 Changing Atomic Weights
	2.6 The Importance of Periodicity
		2.6.1 Spiral Forms
		2.6.2 Tabular Forms
	2.7 Conclusion
	References
3 The Trouble with Triads
	Abstract
	3.1 Origins
	3.2 The Modern Revival of Triads
	3.3 Mendeleev and Triads
	3.4 Other Applications
	References
4 Josiah Parsons Cooke, the Natural Philosophy of Sir John F. W. Herschel and the Rational Chemistry of the Elements
	Abstract
	4.1 Introduction
	4.2 The Natural Philosophy of Sir John F. W. Herschel
	4.3 Josiah Parsons Cooke and the Relationships Between the Elements
	4.4 Josiah Parsons Cooke and First Principles of Chemical Philosophy
	References
5 Vis Tellurique of Alexandre-Émile Béguyer de Chancourtois
	Abstract
	5.1 Introduction
	5.2 The Vis Tellurique
	5.3 Reaction to the Vis Tellurique
	5.4 Later Attention and Priority Claims
	5.5 Historical Treatments
	5.6 Did Béguyer de Chancourtois Discover the Periodic Law?
	Acknowledgements
	References
6 Periodicity in Britain: The Periodic Tables of Odling and Newlands
	Abstract
	6.1 Introduction
	6.2 William Odling
		6.2.1 Biographical Information
		6.2.2 1857: “On the Natural Groupings of Elements”
		6.2.3 Interlude
		6.2.4 1864: “On the Proportional Numbers of the Elements”
		6.2.5 1865: Watts’s Dictionary
		6.2.6 1865: A Course of Practical Chemistry, 2nd Edition
		6.2.7 1871: A Question of Priority
		6.2.8 The End
	6.3 John A. R. Newlands
		6.3.1 Biographical Information
		6.3.2 Feb 7, 1863: “On Relations Among the Equivalents”
		6.3.3 July 30, 1864: Studiosus and Newlands’s Rebuttal
		6.3.4 Aug 20, 1864: Response from Studiosus and New Observations by Newlands
		6.3.5 August 1865: The Law of Octaves and More Relations Among the Equivalents
		6.3.6 March 1866: The Law of Octaves and the Chemical Society
		6.3.7 The Afterlife of the Law of Octaves
	6.4 Conclusions
	Acknowledgements
	References
7 Gustavus Hinrichs and His Charts of the Elements
	Abstract
	7.1 Introduction
	7.2 Short Biography of Gustavus Detlef Hinrichs
	7.3 Hinrichs and Atomic Weights, 1866
	7.4 Hinrichs and Atomechanics, 1867
		7.4.1 Historical Forward
		7.4.2 Introduction (§ 1–5) and Pantogen and the Elements (§ 6–35)
		7.4.3 Hinrichs’s Chart of 1867 (§ 36–56)
		7.4.4 Chemical Characteristics (§ 57–110)
		7.4.5 Physical Characteristics (§ 121–228), and Morphological Characteristics or Crystal Forms (§ 229–399)
	7.5 Hinrichs’s Charts of 1869
	7.6 Conclusions
	Acknowledgements
	Appendix: Transcription and Translation of Hinrichs’s 1867 Monograph
	References
8 The Periodic Table of the Elements and Lothar Meyer
	Abstract
	8.1 Introduction
	8.2 Lothar Meyer—His Life
	8.3 Lothar Meyer and the Order of the Elements
	8.4 Conclusions
	References
9 Translation of §§ 91–94 of Lothar Meyer’s Modernen Theorien (1864)
	Abstract
	9.1 Introduction: Biographical Information
	9.2 Translation, Die Modernen Theorien, 1864: §§ 91–94, pp 135–147
	9.3 Conclusions
	Acknowledgements
	References
Discoveries of Elements: Successes and Challenges
10 Discovery of Three Elements Predicted by Mendeleev’s Table: Gallium, Scandium, and Germanium
	Abstract
	10.1 Introduction
	10.2 Discovery of the “Missing Three:” Eka-Aluminum, Eka-Boron, and Eka-Silicon
		10.2.1 Mini-Biography of Gallium (Eka-Aluminum)
		10.2.2 Mini-Biography of Scandium (Eka-Boron)
		10.2.3 Mini-Biography of Germanium (Eka-Silicon, Es)
	10.3 Discovery: By Speculation, by Detection, or by Isolation?
	10.4 Conclusion
	Acknowledgements
	References
11 The Rare Earths, a Challenge to Mendeleev, No Less Today
	Abstract
	11.1 Introduction
	11.2 Discovery of the Lanthanides
		11.2.1 Discoveries by Gadolin and Berzelius
		11.2.2 Mosander and His Discoveries
		11.2.3 Spectroscopy Makes a Difference
		11.2.4 Ytterbium and Lutetium
		11.2.5 Perspective
		11.2.6 Positioning the Lanthanides
		11.2.7 Element 61
		11.2.8 Separating Lanthanides
			11.2.8.1 Fractional Crystallization
			11.2.8.2 Redox Chemistry
	11.3 Separations of Lanthanides
		11.3.1 Separating the Lanthanides by Ion-Exchange
		11.3.2 Separation by Solvent Extraction
	11.4 Stability of Lanthanide Complexes
	11.5 Obtaining Lanthanides from Their Ores
	11.6 Oxidation States Other Than +3
		11.6.1 Introduction
		11.6.2 The (+4) State
		11.6.3 The (+2) State
	11.7 Coordination Numbers in Lanthanide Complexes
		11.7.1 High Coordination Numbers
		11.7.2 Low Coordination Numbers
		11.7.3 The Role of the Counter-Ion
		11.7.4 Overall Factors
	11.8 Trends in Lanthanide Radii and the “Lanthanide Contraction”
	11.9 Which Are the Lanthanides?
	11.10 Lanthanides in Biological Systems
	Acknowledgements
	References
12 The History (and Pre-history) of the Discovery and Chemistry of the Noble Gases
	Abstract
	12.1 Introduction
	12.2 The Pre-history of the Discovery
		12.2.1 Cavendish’s Residual Air
		12.2.2 An Extraterrestrial Element?
	12.3 The History of the Discovery
		12.3.1 Rayleigh’s Anomaly
		12.3.2 The Discovery of Argon
		12.3.3 The Discovery of the Others
		12.3.4 But Wait, There’s (One) More!
	12.4 The Pre-history of the Chemistry
	12.5 The History of the Chemistry
	12.6 Appendix
	Acknowledgements
	References
13 Element Discovery and the Birth of the Atomic Age
	Abstract
	13.1 The Via Panisperna Boys
	13.2 The Element in the Attic
	13.3 The Metallurgical Laboratory
	13.4 Returning to Berkeley
	13.5 The Children of the Bomb
	13.6 Reflections on the Atomic Age
	References
14 Mary Elvira Weeks and Discovery of the Elements
	Abstract
	14.1 Introduction
	14.2 Mary Elvira Weeks’s Family and Early Years
	14.3 Mary Elvira Weeks’s Education and Early Employment. 1910–1921
	14.4 University of Kansas. 1921–1944
	14.5 The Kresge-Hooker Scientific Library and Later Life. 1944–1975
	14.6 Discovery of the Elements
		14.6.1 Reviews
	14.7 Conclusions
	Acknowledgements
	Appendix 1: Publications of Mary Elvira Weeks
	Appendix 2: Quotes from Doris Brewster Swift—Life on Mississippi Street
	Appendix 3: Reviews of Discovery of the Elements
	References
The Periodic Table from Other Perspectives
15 Astronomy Meets the Periodic Table, Or, How Much Is There of What, and Why?
	Abstract
	15.1 Introduction
	15.2 The Three New Elements
	15.3 Dethroning Nebulium and Coronium
	15.4 How Much Is There of What?
	15.5 Why?—Nuclear Physics
	15.6 Why?—Astrophysics (Noise)
	15.7 Why?—Astrophysics (Signal)
	15.8 Why?—Astrophysics: A Bit of the Evidence and Missing Pieces
	15.9 Conclusions
	Acknowledgements
	References
16 The Impact of Twentieth-Century Physics on the Periodic Table and Some Remaining Questions in the Twenty-First Century
	Abstract
	16.1 Early Twentieth Century Developments
	16.2 Developments in the Second Half of the Twentieth Century
	16.3 The Special Dynamical Symmetry of the Hydrogen Atom
	16.4 The Laplace-Runge-Lenz or LRL Vector
	16.5 An Alternative Philosophical Approach of Moving Beyond Particles and Individual Elements: Heisenberg and Isospin
	16.6 Gell-Man and the Eight-Fold Way
	16.7 Fet, Barut and Others on Super-Elements
	16.8 Conclusion
	References
17 An Essay on Periodic Tables
	Abstract
	17.1 Historical Introduction
	17.2 Technical Details
		17.2.1 Why Must Z Be ≤172?
		17.2.2 Relativity Versus QED
		17.2.3 Which Orbitals to Use in Chemistry?
		17.2.4 “Secondary Periodicity”
		17.2.5 The Inert-Pair Effect
		17.2.6 “False Friends”
		17.2.7 Nuclear Stability
	17.3 In Defence of the Current PT: What Are the Choices?
		17.3.1 The “Madelung Rule”
		17.3.2 Models for Reproducing the PT
	17.4 Did Our Department Contribute to the Story?
	References
18 The Periodic Table at 150: A Philatelic Celebration
	Abstract
	18.1 Introduction
	18.2 IYPT Stamps
		18.2.1 Algeria and the IYPT Logo
		18.2.2 Spanish Chemical Pride
		18.2.3 Kyrgyzstan and Mendeleev
		18.2.4 Moldova and Rubik’s Cube
		18.2.5 Mendeleev’s Final Draft of the PT
		18.2.6 The 7th Period Is Complete
		18.2.7 Portugal: Four to 118 in 2,500 Years
		18.2.8 Sri Lanka’s Colorful Table
		18.2.9 North Macedonia’s Groovy PT
	18.3 Concluding Remarks
	Acknowledgements
	References
Index